Vision (PS111)

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 03-12-16 21:59
What are the three parts of the human eye as viewed from the front?
Pupil, Iris, Sclera
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What is the pupil?
The opening of the iris. Seen as a black hole.
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What is the iris?
A flat, coloured, ring-shaped membrane.
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What is the Sclera?
A dense, white, fibrous membrane that is part of the external covering of the eyeball
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What two things make up the external covering of your eye?
The cornea and the Sclera
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What visible part of your eye does the cornea cover?
The pupil and iris
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What useful part of the eye is directly behind the pupil?
The lens
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What is the iris and pupil responsible for doing?
The iris controls the pupil letting in more or less light as needed.
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What is the retina?
A layer at the back of the eyeball that contains cells sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses to send information to the brain
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What is the lens?
The lens can change the focal distance of the eye by changing its shape. It focuses the light s rays that pass through it and helps to create clear images.
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What does the lens work with?
The cornea to refract or bend light
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What is the fovea?
A small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The centre of the field of vision is focused in this region.
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What is the optic nerve?
A nerve which transmits impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye
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What is nearsightedness called?
Myopia
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What is farsightedness called?
Hyperopia
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With Myopia where is the focal point which causes distant objects to appear blurred?
Infront of the retina
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With Hyperopia where is the focal point which causes close objects to appear blurred?
Behind the retina
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What parts of the eye might be faulty to cause Myopia and Hyperopia?
The shape of the eyeball in relation to the cornea and lens
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Myopia is caused in general by the eyeball being to___
long
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Hyperopia in general is caused by the eyeball being to___
short
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Myopia can be fixed by___
Concave lens
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Hyperopia can be fixed by ____
Convex lens
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What are the two types of photoreceptors found within the retina?
Rods and Cones
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What do photoreceptors do?
Convert particles of light into electrical signals.
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What are the three types of cones?
S-cone, M-cone, L-cone
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What do the cones provide?
Eye colour sensitivity
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What does a S-cone do?
Responds to short wavelengths
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What does a M-cone do?
Responds to medium wavelengths
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What does an L-cone do?
Responds to long wavelengths
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What does a rod do?
Responds to light
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What colours can an S-cone see?
Purple, Blue, Green
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What colours can a M-Cone see?
Light blue, Green, Yellow
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What colours can an L-cone see?
Green, Yellow and Orange
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Within what wavelength does an S-cone operate?
400-500nm
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Within what wavelength does an M-cone operate?
450-630nm
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Within what wavelength does an L-cone operate?
500-700nm
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What do rods do?
They can function in less intense light, so allow us to see in the dark.,
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What are the three things which can be used to describe a colour?
Hue, Brightness, Saturation
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What is color theory which you need to know about?
The color opponent process
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What does the color opponent theory suggest?
That our brain records the differences between the responses of cones to determine the colour. It does this by using three opponent channels.
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What are the three colour opponent channels?
Red vs Green, Blue vs Yellow, White vs Black
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What is the technical name for the side of your eye near your nose? (right side of left eye and left side of right eye)
The Nasal retina
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What is the technical name for the side of your eye near your temple? (left side of left eye and right side of right eye)
The temporal retina
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Where does the information about your left visual field come from?
The left nasal retina and the right temporal retina.
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Where does the information about your right visual field come from?
The left temporal retina and the right nasal retina
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Where does the information from the nasal retinas cross?
The optic chiasm
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Where does the information about your visual fields go on its way to the primary visual cortex?
To the lateral geniculate nucleus
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Where does the information about the left side of your visual field go within the brain?
The right side of the primary visual cortex
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Where does the information about the right side of your visual field go within the brain?
The left side of the primary visual cortex
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What is a receptive field?
An area (of the body) in which stimulation leads to response of a particular sensory neuron
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What is an cortical simple cell?
A cell within the primary cortex which responds to an objects orientation.
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How many layers does the Lateral Geniculate nucleus have?
6
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Is there a left and right Lateral Geniculate nucleus?
yes
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Does the information from the right visual field go to the left lateral geniculate?
Yes
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Do layers one and two of the Lateral Geniculate nucleus receive information from rods or cones?
Rods
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Do layers three- six of the Lateral Geniculate nucleus receive information from rods or cones?
Cones
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What is the name of the layers 3-6 of the Lateral Geniculate nucleus?
Parvocellular
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What is the name of the layers 1-2 of the Lateral Geniculate nucleus?
Magnocellular
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What are the other names for the primary visual cortex?
V1 or Striate cortex
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After the primary visual cortex information goes elsewhere, where does it go?
Through the extra-striate or prestriate cortex
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What are the visual areas located in the extra-striate or prestriate cortex called?
V2, V3, V3A, V4,V5,V5A
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When talking about vision, what does a V# (where # is a number) stand for?
One of the visual areas within the brain
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What do visual areas do?
Each area is retinotopically organised, meaning they map the visual information from the retina to neurons in the brain, making a 2D representation of the image.
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What is the V5/MT (5th visual area) responsible for?
It is responsible for motion perception
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What is the V4/MT (4th visual area) responsible for?
It is responsible for colour
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What provides evidence for the different visual areas of the brain?
PET (Positron emission tomography) studies.
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What part of the temporal and occipital lobe is responsible for recognising faces?
The Fusiform gyrus
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What is Cerebral hemiachromatopsia?
When there is a selective loss of colour vision. Can only see colour from one side of the visual field. There is selective damage in the inferior occipital lobe, specific damage to V4 in left side of brain.
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What is Akinetopsia?
When there is a selective impairment of motion perception. Cannot tell when cars are moving e.t.c
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What is Prosopagnosia?
When you are unable to recognise faces
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What does the dorsal stream control?
Actions
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What does the ventral stream control?
Awareness of objects and consciousness
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What is Blindsight?
Where there is damage to the V1 area and people are not conscious of objects around them. But are subconsciously able to avoid them.
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What is Visual form Agnosia?
When there is damage to the ventral stream areas. There is intact action control, but impaired visual recognition. (for example unable to tell if something is straight or not)
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What is visual neglect?
When after damage to one side of the brain there is a lack of awareness and knowledge of one side of their visual field.
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What are the 5 Gestalt principles?
Proximity, Similarity, Good continuation, Closure and Common fate
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What is Proximity? (In relation to the Gestalt Principles)
That when elements are placed close together they tend to be perceived as a group.
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What is similarity? (In relation to the Gestalt Principles)
When objects look similar to one another they will be perceived as a group
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What is Good continuation? (In relation to the Gestalt Principles)
That we have a preference for continuous figures. We will often see images as "flowing" even when they are not.
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What is closure? (In relation to the Gestalt Principles)
Is when an object is incomplete. If enough of the shape is indicated, people perceive the gaps by filling in the missing information.
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What is Common Fate? (In relation to the Gestalt Principles)
We perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or direction as parts of a single stimulus.
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What are two theories about object recognition?
Template models and Recognition by-components.
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What is the template model theory?
That we can detect patterns by matching visual input with a set of templates, if any template matches then we can deduce what that input is.
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What is a problem with the template model theory?
That it is not powerful enough for general object recognition and some things can look very similar to others.
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What is Translational Invariance?
When an object is moved to a new position in the environment, a different portion of the retina is stimulated
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What is size Invariance?
Objects can be recognised despite variations in actual or apparent size
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What is Rotational Invariance?
People are capable of recognising objects from many different vantage points, even views that have never before been seen.
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Does the template model theory account for size, translational and rotational invariance?
Yes
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Who came up with the Recognition-by-components theory?
Biederman (1987)
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What is Biederman's Recognition-by-components theory?
Recognition involves recognising object elements (geons) and their configuration
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According to Biederman, how many Geons are there?
36
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Does the Recognition-by-components theory account for size, translational and rotational invariance?
Yes
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What allows to give us 3D perception?
Depth cues
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What are the two types of depth cues?
Monocular and Binocular
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What are Bioncular depth cues?
Because the eyes are apart they give slightly different images. The difference between these images (retinal disparity) can be used as cue for depth/distance.
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What are Monocular vision cues?
As we can still have depth perception with one eye there are other cues which can inform us about depth.
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What are the Monocular vision cues?
Motion parallax and Pictorial (Interposition/occlusion, texture, haze, elevation, size, perspective and shading)
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What is Motion parallax?
The tendency when moving forwards rapidly we perceive differential speeds in objects passing by
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What is Interposition/Occlusion? (A Monocular Pictorial depth cue)
When one object is blocked by another. It can be used to provide information on distance.
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What is texture? (A Monocular Pictorial depth cue)
The level of detail you can see in an image. The closer the image is to you, the more detail you will see
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What is Haze?(A Monocular Pictorial depth cue)
This is the fact that hazy weather can alter your perception of depth. Things seem closer in clear weather than hazy weather.
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What is Elevation?(A Monocular Pictorial depth cue)
If an object is closer to the horizon line it is seen as further away, we can use this to work out the height of objects.
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what is Size? (A Monocular Pictorial depth cue)
The tendency to perceive objects as staying the same size, despite the changes in your distance from an object
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What is Perspective? (A Monocular Pictorial depth cue)
The property of parallel lines converging at infinity allows us to reconstruct the relative distance of different parts of a scene.
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What is shading? (A Monocular Pictorial depth cue)
The nearer an object is to a light source, the brigher its surface. Darker objects appear further away than brighter ones.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the pupil?

Back

The opening of the iris. Seen as a black hole.

Card 3

Front

What is the iris?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the Sclera?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What two things make up the external covering of your eye?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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