crime = visible and victims known // Retribution: people accountable for their actions // Victims lifestyles make them more likely to be victims
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2. LIBERAL
many victims hidden/unaware/unwilling to report // victims need to be helped and suffering repaired
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3. RADICAL VIEWS
pov, malnutrition, state-crimes etc should be included in victim surveys // crimes of the powerful and their victims are hidden - need to be empowered socially and politically
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HIERARCHY OF VICTIMISATION: CARRABINE
some victims enjoy higher status than others e.g. stigmatised v.s idealised // idealised: vulnerable and weak --- hierarchy impacts victim treatment by the CJS
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VICTIM MOVEMENT
campaigns to give victims a voice = reform and approaches. IMPACT STATEMENT: opp to show impact and reasoning behind crime // RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: victims and offender discuss impact and reasoing of crime
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