Ventilation
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- Created by: Lotto65
- Created on: 25-03-17 12:58
Name two places in a cell where cell respiration takes place
Mitochondria and cytoplasm
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What form is energy from respiration released in?
ATP
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Where is the energy released by respiration used?
In the cell
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In humans, what is needed for aerobic respiration and what is produced?
Glucose and oxygen are needed to produce carbon dioxide and water and energy
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Where do you intake oxygen from?
The surroundings
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What is gas exchange?
The process of swapping one gas for another
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How does gas exchange take place in humans?
Diffusion in the alveoli of the human lungs
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If diffusion is happening, there must be...
A concentration gradient
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What is the concentration gradient in the lungs?
The volume of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and adjacent bloodstream in capillaries
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How are concentration gradients constantly maintained in the lungs?
The air in the alveoli is refreshed frequently
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What is ventilation?
The bringing of fresh air to the alveoli and removing stale air
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What is ventilation rate?
The number of inhalations or exhalations per minute
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What is tidal volume?
The volume of air taken in or out with each inhalation or exhalation
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How can you see the effect of exercise in terms of ventilation?
Measure the ventilation rate and tidal volume at rest, mild and vigorous exercise
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Give two ways you can measure ventilation rate
Observation or data-logging
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How can ventilation rate be measured by data-logging?
An inflatable chest belt placed around thorax and air pumped in with bladder. A differential pressure sensor measures pressure variations in the chest belt due to chest expansions
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What two things can be measured by data-logging?
Ventilation rate and relative ventilation size
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Can absoluted ventilation size be measured by data-logging?
No
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How can you measure tidal volume?
Spirometer
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Give an example of a simple spirometer
A bell jar with volumes marked on it, placed in a pneumatic trough
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Does the simple bell jar spirometer measure inhalation or exhalation?
Exhalation
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What sort of spirometer do doctors use?
Electronic spirometers
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How can you work out tidal volume from a volume-time graph?
The amount the lung volume increases or decreases with ventilation
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How can you deduce ventilation rate from a volume-time graph?
The number of ventilations in a time period on the graph
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What do muscle contractions do for ventilation?
Cause pressure changes in the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them
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What is inspiration?
Inhaling
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What is expiration?
Exhaling
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Why do you need different muscles for inspiration and expiration?
Muscles on do work when they contract
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What are antagonistic muscles?
Muscles that cause the opposite movement from each other
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To inhale, which intercostal muscles contract?
The external intercostal muscles
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What does contraction of external intercostal muscles do to the ribcage?
Move it up and out
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What does the diaphragm do in inhalation?
Contracts to become flatter and move down
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What happens to the volume of the thorax when these muscles contract?
It increases
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What happens to the pressure in the thorax when these muscles contract?
Decrease below atmospheric pressure
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When does air stop flowing into the lungs?
When the pressure in the lungs rises to atmospheric pressure
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Which intercostal muscles contract for exhalation?
Internal intercostal muscles
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What does contraction of internal intercostal muscles do to the ribcage?
Moves it down and in
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What causes the diaphragm to be pushed into a dome shape for exhalation?
Contraction of abdominal muscles
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What happens to the volume of the thorax with these muscle contractions?
It decreases
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What happens to the pressure in the thorax with these muscle contractions?
Increases above atmospheric pressure
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At what point does air stop flowing out the lungs?
When the pressure in the lungs reaches atmospheric pressure
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What does ventilation serve to do?
Maintain concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood in adjacent capillaries
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What is another word for air sacs?
Alveoli
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What is the independent variable in ventilation experiments?
Type or intensity of exercise
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What is the dependent variable in ventilation experiments?
Ventilation rate or tidal volume ( ventilation parameters)
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What is a better way of measuring ventilation rate with exercise?
Do a quantitative approach and do the same activity at different rates e.g. running at different speeds on a treadmill
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Why is this a better way of carrying out a ventilation experiment?
Can correlate work rate with ventilation parameters in joules per minute during exercise
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What must you ensure when you take data during exercise?
You have done the exercise for long enough to reach a constant rate
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How would you define the natural rate of breathing?
The slowest you can inhale or exhale without getting out of breath
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Why is it not safe to repeatedly inhale and exhale when using a spirometer?
The carbon dioxide concentration will rise too high and there is a risk of inhaling water
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How do data logging spirometers work?
Measure flow rate into and out of the lungs so volumes can be deduced from these measurements
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To keep this experiment as rigorous as possible, what must you do to all other variables apart from independent and dependent?
Control them and keep them constant
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How many times should ventilation parameters be measured?
Several
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How many different people should you use with ventilation experiments?
As many as possible
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What do we mean by 'dead air space'?
The volume that enters and leaves the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles where gas exchange cannot take place
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What is alveolar ventilation?
When air enters the alveoli for gas exchange to take place
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What will increase with exercise?
Tidal volume and ventilation rate
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What is ventilation rate?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled per minute
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How can you calculate ventilation rate?
Tidal volume x number of breaths per minute
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What is an inspiratory reserve volume?
The volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal quiet breath
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What is expiratory reserve volume?
The volume of air that can be forcibly removed after a normal quiet breath
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Is inspiratory reserve volume equal to expiratory reserve volume?
Not necessarily
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What is residual volume?
The volume of air that remains in the lungs to prevent it collapsing and is left there after maximal forceful expiration
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What is vital capacity?
The maximum tidal volume ( the maximum expired after maximum inspiration)
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What is total lung capacity?
The total volume of air inside the lungs after maximum inspiration
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How is total lung capacity calculated?
Vital capacity + residual volume
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How do you calculate inspiratory capacity?
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
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How do you calculate expiratory capacity?
Tidal volume + Expiratory reserve volume
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What is vascular tissue?
Arteries, veins, capillaries
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Why might you not see a complete C-ring of cartilage on a trachea cross section?
Not quite cut horizontally
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What is the submucosa?
Mucus layer
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What do goblet cells do?
Secrete mucus
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Which type of pneumocyte is permeable?
Both!
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Is there collagen in arteries?
Yes
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Are there elastic fibres in arteries?
Yes
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What is the lumen size of arteries relative to other vascular tissue?
Large
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If blood is usually oxygenated in arteries, what is the exception?
Pulmonary artery
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Where do capillaries transport blood?
Through tissues close to cells
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What sort of pressure is in capillaries?
Medium
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What speed is the blood at in capillaries?
Slow - decreasing
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Can you detect a pulse in capillaries?
No
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Is collagen present in capillaries?
No
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Are elastic fibres present in capillaries?
No
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Is smooth muscle present in capillaries?
No
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Do capillaries have valves?
Yes
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In capillaries, the amount of oxygenated blood present decreases apart from where?
Capillaries in the lungs
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Can you detect a pulse in veins?
No
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Is collagen present in vein walls?
Yes
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Are elastic fibres present in vein walls?
No
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Is smooth muscle present in vein walls?
Yes
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If blood is usually deoxygenated in veins, what is the exception?
Pulmonary vein
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What type of epithelium do capillaries have?
Endothelium
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What is a closed circulation?
Blood flows in confined area of blood vessels
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What is open circulation?
Blood is not in vessels and fills and flows between areas of the body
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What is haemocoel?
The liquid in open circulation that fills and flows between areas of the body
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Why is a mammal's double circulatory system better than a single circulatory system?
Repumped so supply of oxygen is more efficient
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Why does pressure rise in capillaries?
Blood has been forced into a smaller area
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What form is energy from respiration released in?
Back
ATP
Card 3
Front
Where is the energy released by respiration used?
Back
Card 4
Front
In humans, what is needed for aerobic respiration and what is produced?
Back
Card 5
Front
Where do you intake oxygen from?
Back
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