Topic 13: Social development (PS111 test 2)
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How is attachment characterised?
By a tendency to seek and maintain closeness especially during times of stress
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Is attachment a secure base from which to explore the world?
Yes
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What year was Bowlby's attachment theory developed?
1969
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According to Bowlby, why was "Mother love in infancy and childhood" important?
It is important for mental health
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Were Bowlbys ideas influential in modern western culture?
Yes
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What is one of the opposing ideas to Bowlby's attachment theory?
That "mother love" is not the only unqiue. What matters is that a small number of individuals give consistent care
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What is the first stage of Bowlby's attachment theory?
Pre-attachment
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What is the second stage of Bowlby's attachment theory?
Attachment-in-the-making
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What is the 3rd stage of Bowlby's attachment theory?
Clear-cut attachment
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What is the 4th stage of Bowlby's attachment theory?
Reciprocal relationships
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At what age does pre-attachment exist?
Between birth- 6 weeks
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At what age does Attachment-in-the-making exist?
Between 6 weeks to 6 months
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At what age does Clear-cut attachment exist?
Between 1/2- 1 1/2 (one and a half) years.
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At what age does Reciprocal relationships exist?
After 1 1/2 (one and a half) years
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When did Ainsworth do the Strange Situation?
1973
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What was the aim of Ainsworth's strange situation?
To assess attachment style in 1 to 2 year old infants
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What is observed during Ainsworth's strange situation?
The reaction of an infant to her caregiver and a stranger
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How many events are there in Ainsworth's strange situation?
8 events
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What does the infant's behaviour reveal in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Their attachment style to their mother
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What is step 1 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Carer and infant introduced to room
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What is step 2 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Carer and infant play in room
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What is step 3 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Stranger enters room; talks to carer tries to play with infant
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What is step 4 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Carer leaves room. Stranger tries to play with infant
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What is step 5 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Carer returns. Stranger leaves
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What is step 6 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Carer leaves again
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What is step 7 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Stranger returns. Tries to comfort infant
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What is step 8 in Ainsworth's strange situation?
Carer returns. Stranger leaves. Carer tries to comfort infant
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What are the two styles of attachement?
Secure attachment, insecure attachment
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What are the two types of insecure attachment?
Avoidant, Ambivalent
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What is another name for Ambivalent attachment?
Resistant
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How many infants are assessed as having a secure attachment?
2/3rd of infants
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If you have a secure attachment at 1 years old, what favourable outcome could this cause at age 2?
Curiosity + problem solving
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If you have a secure attachment at 1 years old, what favourable outcome could this cause at age 3?
Social confidence
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If you have a secure attachment at 1 years old, what favourable outcome could this cause at age 5?
Independence and empathy
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If you have a secure attachment at 1 years old, what favourable outcome could this cause at age 10?
Being rated highly on educational, emotional and social measures
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Attachment style in childhood does not affect attachment style in adulthood
False (it does affect it)
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If you have an Avoidant attachment, what is your romantic relationship likely to be like?
Independent, reject intimacy, superior
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If you have an Ambivalent attachment, what is your romantic relationship likely to be like?
Needy, want intimacy, inferior
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Who came up with the False Belief task?
Wimmer and Perner (1983)
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What is Wimmer and Perner (1983)'s False Belief task?
A child is shown this scene. The teddy puts the ball in the box then leaves, the puppy moves the ball to the box, the teddy comes back. The child is asked where the teddy will look for the ball.
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What is Autism?
A neurodevelopmental disorder
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When does Autism emerge?
Early childhood
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How many people does Autism effect?
1 in 100 individuals
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What is the cause of Autism?
Unknown
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What is the name of the thing we use to diagnose Autism?
The 'triad of impairments'
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What are the three 'triad of impairments?
Difficulties with social interaction, language and communication, restricted and repetitive behaviours
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Do Autistic children fail the false belief task?
Yes
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Who found that Autistic children fail the false belief task?
Baron-Cohen et al. (1985)
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Who suggested that autism isn't really a single disorder but instead many?
Ronald et al. (2006)
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What is the emotion component of the psychology of morality?
Self = feelings of pride, guilt and shame others = feelings of condemnation, anger, disgust
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What is the cognition component of the psychology of morality?
The reasoning that we use to evaluate our and others' behaviour as right or wrong
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What is the behaviour component of the psychology of morality?
What we actually do
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What is the traditional view of morality?
That it is about thinking and not feeling (cognition)
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What type of theory is Piaget's theory on Morality?
Domain-general
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According to Piaget what type of moral reasoning do you have under six years old?
None you are pre-moral
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According to Piaget what type of moral reasoning do you have between 6 to 10 years old
Moral realism
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According to Piaget what type of moral reasoning do you have after 10 years old
Moral relativism
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What are Moral realism rules?
They are absolute and unchangeable
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Who sets the rules with Moral realism?
Authority figures
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What type of thinking does Moral realism centre around?
A single dimension = centred
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With moral realism when making moral judgements you focus on intention and ignore action
False (you focus on actions and ignore intention)
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According to Moral relativism rules are?
They can be changed through social agreement
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What is the correct moral way of thinking? (Moral relativism or Moral realism)
Moral relativism (children need to learn this)
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What type of thinking does Moral relativism revolve around?
Decentered thinking
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With Moral relativism, formal operational thinking is.....
Abstract
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According to Kohlberg what is pre-conventional reasoning?
Avoiding punishment and seeking your own reward
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According to Kohlberg what is conventional reasoning?
Seeking society's approval and maintaining laws
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According to Kohlberg what is post-conventional reasoning?
Using your individually constructed abstract moral principles
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What are the two sub stages of the pre-conventional level in Kohlberg's theory of reasoning?
Obedience + punishment orientation, reward orientation
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What are the two sub stages of the conventional level in Kohlberg's theory of reasoning?
Good boy/ nice girl orientation, social order maintaining morality
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What are the two sub stages of the post-conventional level in Kohlberg's theory of reasoning?
Social contract vs individual right morality, morality of individual principles of conscience
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Order the levels in Kohlberg's theory of reasoning in terms of abstract (least to most)
Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
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According to David Hume what does emotion do?
Drives
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According to David Hume what does reason do?
Guides
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Is attachment a secure base from which to explore the world?
Back
Yes
Card 3
Front
What year was Bowlby's attachment theory developed?
Back

Card 4
Front
According to Bowlby, why was "Mother love in infancy and childhood" important?
Back

Card 5
Front
Were Bowlbys ideas influential in modern western culture?
Back

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