The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane with a rigid connection to the incus and a flexible connection with stapes.
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What does the stapes do?
It moves in and out like a piston at the oval window, transmitting the sound vibrations to fluids of cochlea.
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What is the purpose of the ossicles?
To amplify the pressures needed to move the fluid in the inner ear.
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What is the structure of the cochlea?
It has a spiral shape with a hollow tube made of bone. The central pillar is the modiolus and the hollow tube has 3 fluid filled chambers
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What are the three fluid filled chambers in the cochlea called?
Scala vestibuli, Scala Media, Scala tympani
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How are the three chambers separated?
The Ressiner's membrane separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media and the basilar membrane separates the scala tympani from the scala media
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Where is the Organ of Corti located?
On the basilar membrane
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What does the Organ of Coti contain?
The auditory receptor neurons, the tectorial membrane is above the Organ of Corti.
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What is the Perilymph?
The fluid in the scala vestibuli and tympani, with an ionic content similar to CSF
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What is the Endolymph?
Fluid that fills the scala media with ionic content similar to intracellular fluid
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Where are the hair cells positioned?
Between the basilar membrane and the reticular lamina, the rods of corti extend to through the membranes to give support.
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Where are the inner hair cells positioned?
Between the modiolus and rods of corti
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Where are the outer hair cells positioned?
Are those that are further out than the rods of corti.
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How do hair cells transduce sound waves?
The sound waves make the hair cells move back and forth causing the TRPA1 channel on tips of stereocillia to open/close changing the hair cell receptor potential.
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What do outer hair cells do?
They amplify the movement of basilar membrane during low intensity sound stimuli.
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What is the auditory pathway into the brain?
Axons innervate the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus. These then send axons to the superior olivary nucleus which then goes to the lateral lemniscus innervating the inferior colliculs of the midbrain
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What is tonotopy?
The systematic organization of characteristic frequency within the auditory structure
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What is Phase locking?
It is the consistent firing of the cell at the same phase of a sound wave.
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What is the interaural delay?
The time taken for sound to reach one ear then the other ear
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What are monoaural neurons?
Neurons that only respond to sounds from one ear
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What are binaural neurons?
Neurons that respond to sound from both ears.
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What makes up the Vestibular system?
The vestibular labyrinth which contains the otolith organs and semicircular canals
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What does the Otolith organ do?
It detects the force of gravity and tilts the head.
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What does the semicircular canal do?
It is sensitive to head rotation.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the range of hearing for humans?
Back
20Hz-20,000Hz but the audible range decreases with age
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