the urinary bladder
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- Created by: Millie Smith08
- Created on: 17-04-23 16:11
is urine formation continuous?
yes (equal to or more than 1L per min)
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what type of contraction facilitate the movement of urine into the bladder?
peristaltic contractions of the walls of the ureter
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what is classed as urine?
anything left in the filtrate that comes out of the nephron
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urine is the primary method for what?
excreting water soluble chemicals from the body
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what is urine composed of?
waste products and extra water from the blood
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5% of solutes from cellular metabolism
nitrogen rich products that need to be cleared from your blood
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urine is produced by the kidney by
filtration from the nephron
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how much urine do adults produce a day?
around 1.5L
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ureter wall is made of smooth muscle
peristaltic contractions
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urine travels
down the ureters to the bladder
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the urinary bladder
a muscular, hollow, balloon-shaped sac (organ)
just like a balloon the bladder is able to stretch and contract (stretches into a round shape when full and gets smaller when it is empty)
sits in the pelvis
capacity between 600 and 800 ml
can normally hold
just like a balloon the bladder is able to stretch and contract (stretches into a round shape when full and gets smaller when it is empty)
sits in the pelvis
capacity between 600 and 800 ml
can normally hold
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the main muscle of the bladder wall is the detrusor
detrusor muscle is specialised smooth muscle
composed of three layers of smooth muscle fibres
fibres arranged differently in each (spiral, longitudinal, circular)- these diff arrangements of the fibres allow the muscle to maintain its structural integrity
composed of three layers of smooth muscle fibres
fibres arranged differently in each (spiral, longitudinal, circular)- these diff arrangements of the fibres allow the muscle to maintain its structural integrity
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stored urine is voided to the exterior via the urethra
two muscular rings (sphincters) control urethral opening
- internal sphincter (involuntary) - smooth muscle- normally closed (passive contraction)
- external sphincter (voluntary)- skeletal muscle- normally closed (tonic contraction)
- internal sphincter (involuntary) - smooth muscle- normally closed (passive contraction)
- external sphincter (voluntary)- skeletal muscle- normally closed (tonic contraction)
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the ureters empty into the urinary bladder
bladder aids the expulsion of urine (micturition)
bladder is also involved in the temporary storage of urine
sphincter muscles close tightly around the opening of the bladder and stop urine from leaking down into the urethra
rugae allow for bladder to str
bladder is also involved in the temporary storage of urine
sphincter muscles close tightly around the opening of the bladder and stop urine from leaking down into the urethra
rugae allow for bladder to str
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male urethra
long
length 18-20 cm
longer in males than females as it travels the whole length of the penis
function- i) urination ii) *********** of semen
course- curved (double)
as the course is curved it makes it difficult to catheterise males
length 18-20 cm
longer in males than females as it travels the whole length of the penis
function- i) urination ii) *********** of semen
course- curved (double)
as the course is curved it makes it difficult to catheterise males
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female urethra
short
length 4cm
function- only urination
course- nearly straight
foley cathaterisation is easy
length 4cm
function- only urination
course- nearly straight
foley cathaterisation is easy
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micturition
the process of passing/ voiding urine from the bladder
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micturition
involuntary reflex
involuntary reflex
present from birth in continent individuals
1. stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder are activated
2. afferent sensory nerve fibres convey impulses to the spinal cord
3. signal sent to brain (through CNS) up spinal cord (via sensory nerve
1. stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder are activated
2. afferent sensory nerve fibres convey impulses to the spinal cord
3. signal sent to brain (through CNS) up spinal cord (via sensory nerve
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micturition
voluntary reflex
voluntary reflex
voluntary reflex of micturition is also controlled by the CNS
cortex, cerebellum and the micturition centre located in the pons
interneuron in the bladder signals to pons when it is full
(if it is appropriate to urinate) signals to the bladder to relax sp
cortex, cerebellum and the micturition centre located in the pons
interneuron in the bladder signals to pons when it is full
(if it is appropriate to urinate) signals to the bladder to relax sp
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micturition (in summary)
for micturition to occur there needs to be 3 simultaneous events:
1. contraction of detrusor muscles by the autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
2. opening of the internal urethral sphincter by the autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
3. opening of th
1. contraction of detrusor muscles by the autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
2. opening of the internal urethral sphincter by the autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
3. opening of th
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autonomic controls
voluntary movement
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somatic controls
involuntary movement
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urinary incontinence
involuntary leakage of urine
control over urinary sphincters lost or weakened
common problem
more prevalent in women
treatment includes exercise (such as pelvic floor exercises which will help strengthen the urinary sphincter and the pelvic floor muscle),
control over urinary sphincters lost or weakened
common problem
more prevalent in women
treatment includes exercise (such as pelvic floor exercises which will help strengthen the urinary sphincter and the pelvic floor muscle),
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stress incontinence
the most common type of urinary incontinence
in this case 'stress' is relating to physical (abdominal) pressure
due to increased abdominal pressure under stress (weak pelvic floor muscles)
the person will urinate involuntary when the bladder and muscles i
in this case 'stress' is relating to physical (abdominal) pressure
due to increased abdominal pressure under stress (weak pelvic floor muscles)
the person will urinate involuntary when the bladder and muscles i
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urge incontinence (overactive bladder)
the second most common type of urinary incontinence
sudden involuntary contraction of the muscle wall that causes an urge to urinate and this urge cannot be stopped
when this urge comes, the individual has a very short amount of time before the urine is r
sudden involuntary contraction of the muscle wall that causes an urge to urinate and this urge cannot be stopped
when this urge comes, the individual has a very short amount of time before the urine is r
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overflow incontinence
often due to a blockage and it could be in the urethra
in this case the bladder is unable to hold as much urine as the body is making/ bladder may be unable to empty completely
causes small amounts of urinary leakage
individuals will often need to urinate
in this case the bladder is unable to hold as much urine as the body is making/ bladder may be unable to empty completely
causes small amounts of urinary leakage
individuals will often need to urinate
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neurogenic incontinence
results from impaired functioning of the nerves that control the micturition reflex
can occur in a wide variety of neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and stroke
can occur in a wide variety of neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and stroke
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urinary tract infection
urinary tract normally sterile and is resistant to bacterial colonisation
one of the main defences is through the complete emptying of the bladder
other mechanisms to maintain sterility include the acidity of the urine and the presence of the vesicle uret
one of the main defences is through the complete emptying of the bladder
other mechanisms to maintain sterility include the acidity of the urine and the presence of the vesicle uret
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bladder stones
minerals in concentrated urine crystalise and form stones
occurs when you have trouble completely emptying your bladder (may be due to an underlying condition or an infection)
underlying conditions include prostate gland enlargement, damage to nerves and
occurs when you have trouble completely emptying your bladder (may be due to an underlying condition or an infection)
underlying conditions include prostate gland enlargement, damage to nerves and
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bladder cancer
abnormal cells in inner lining of the bladder
symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination and lower back pain
symptoms are similar to symptoms of a UTI
diagnosis by cystoscopy and tissue biopsy
cystoscopy involves inserting a thin tube with
symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination and lower back pain
symptoms are similar to symptoms of a UTI
diagnosis by cystoscopy and tissue biopsy
cystoscopy involves inserting a thin tube with
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what type of contraction facilitate the movement of urine into the bladder?
Back
peristaltic contractions of the walls of the ureter
Card 3
Front
what is classed as urine?
Back
Card 4
Front
urine is the primary method for what?
Back
Card 5
Front
what is urine composed of?
Back
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