The Development of Competitive Sport
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- Created by: Hadjianastasi
- Created on: 21-05-17 14:50
Types of Commersial Funding
Gate Receipts (paying spectators), Sponsorships, Endorsements, Media Funding, Merchandise, Selling Players, Prize Money, Private Investors (shareholders).
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Define Americanisation
It is a term given to the influence of American culture, norms and customs (win at all costs, commercialisation) in other than American sports, in every aspects of sports around the world.
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How is Americanisation influencing sport?
Adopting practices that have developed in American sport. Sport is now a business. Move from amateur to professional. Use of franchises. Increase influence of media. Sponsors. Golden triangle. Change in rules to enhance entertainment.
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The Golden Triangle
Sport -> Sponsorship -> Media. Each needs the other to succeed.
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Characteristics of Festival Games (before 1800)
Localised (lack of transport). Occassional (Church holidays/holy days). Uncoded (Few rules - illiterate). Male dominated. Violent. Mob games. Perpetuated social class divide. Often had functional purpose (combat sports).
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How did festivals reflect society?
Based around the necessary survival skills (combat based/preparation for war). Reflected the feudal system (two-tiered society). Localised - lack of transport. Uncoded - lack of education. Holy Days - influence of the church. Gender bias.
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Effect of Industrial Revolution (after 1800) on the Organisation and Codification of Sport
Initially less time (machines) -> 1/2 day holiday & development of set leisure times. Urbanisation -> Lots of people for the team (spectators - development of professional sport). Loss of land for factories -> Purpose built facilities. Travel.
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How changes in society led to the dominance of professional spectator sports (20th century)
Lack of space put restriction on playing numbers. Business entrepeneurs saw this as an opportunity to make money (ticket revenue). Transport meant teams and fans could travel aiding the development of competition. Media -> desire to win.
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Define Codification
It is the creation and recording of a common and accepted set of rules by which a sport should be played.
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How did Industrialisation bring about Codification?
Increase in transport - leagues can be established and therefore need for rules. Confined space -> set numbers of players. Development of education - people could understand the rules. Reduction in violence - needed to be fit to work.
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Role Oxbridge Universities played in the Development of Sport
Public school boys enjoyed sport - took games and rules with them to uni. "Melting Pot" - developed one version of the game. Unis credited with establishing an early form of NGB's. First to make an attempt to codify sports. Developed varsity.
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Olympic Games 1984 in Los Angeles - Commersialisation
1976 Games in Montreal almost bankrupt the city. US Federal government and California withdrew funding. The Olympic commitee (Peter Uberroth) sold TV rights to one company. Sold the logo to commercial sponsors (Coca Cola, Mc Donalds). First Games to
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East Germany Sports System
Talent ID in schools (fitness and skills test). Potentials sent to sports boarding schools. Full time coaches. Spartakid Games. Progress constantly monitored. Use of Centres of Excellence. State funded and controlled. Sports Science. "Shamateur".
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Australia Sports System
Failed in Motreal 1976 Games. Change was needed. Australian Institute of Sport opened in 1981 (AIS). Based on East Germany. Network of Institutes. Centralised. Provides Scholarships. Sports Science. Clear Pathway.
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UK Sports System
Late Starter - Failure in Atlanta 1996. Run Talent ID schemes in the run up to major games. Feed into UKSI networks and academies. Lottery funding. De-centralised.
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Define Sponsorship
Payment ro money received by an individual, team or competition in return for dispalying their logo or brand of the sponsoring company. I.e. Emirates sponsored Arsenals Stadium.
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Define Advertisement
Coverage / promotion of a company, product or logo who have paid to promote their product either on shirts, bill boards etc.
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Define Endorsement
It is when an athlete or team are paid to use a product or give the impression that a product is good enough for them to use. I.e. Ronaldo wore Nike football boots.
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Define Sportsmanship
Playing by the rules with honesty and integrity. Obeying the written and unwritten rules of sport. E.g. shaking hands after an event.
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Define Gamesmanship
"Beniding not breaking" the rules in order to gain an advantage. Using whatever means possible to secure a win. E.g. verbal intimidation of opponents, time wasting.
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Reasons why the move towards proffessional sport has been associated with Gamesmanship and Deviance
Need to perform in order to get paid. Winning has become important - the way in which the outcome is achieved does not matter. Pressure from media/spectators/managers to win. Availability of drugs. Deviant role modals (media). "Everyone else is cheat
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Define Commercialisation
It is the use of sport as a commodity in order to generate income / revenue through other marketing opportunities such as advertising and sponsorship.
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Term used to describe sport Pre-Industrial Revolution
Popular Recreations
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Term used to describe sport Post-Industrial Revolution
Rational Recreation
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Exporting the Game Ethic
Spreading the ethics created within the public schools. Ethic was based around the idea that games offered benefits. Athleticism/honesty/communication/integrity/leadership/values of the ethic. House captains used as role models. Ex students took them
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Define Amateur Sport
When there is no financial incentive/reward to play or win. I.e. football played by a group of friends on a Sunday morning.
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Define Professional Sport
Where the players are rewarded or compensated financially doing it as a job, for playing or winning. I.e. The premier football league players.
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Advantages of Commercialisation
Raise the profile of sports in general. External funding brought into sports. Allowed for the development of some minority sports. Greater investment in stadia. Greater coverage. Become more professional. Allows research and development.
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Disadvantages of Commercialisation
Sport may be seen as available only to the wealthy (pay per view). Loss control from sports bodies - media has more control. Players seen as greedy. Winning become more important. Increase pressure to cheat (corruption).
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Define Americanisation
Back
It is a term given to the influence of American culture, norms and customs (win at all costs, commercialisation) in other than American sports, in every aspects of sports around the world.
Card 3
Front
How is Americanisation influencing sport?
Back
Card 4
Front
The Golden Triangle
Back
Card 5
Front
Characteristics of Festival Games (before 1800)
Back
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