social influence flashcards

What are the three types of conformity and their meanings?

INTERNALISATION - person genuinley believes in and agrees with the group norms IDENTIFICATION: publically change our opnions to fit with a group as you identify with them COMPLIANCE: just 'going along' with others because of group pressure

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Who proposed the two-process theory about conformity?

Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerad (1955)

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Explanations for conformity - what is informational social influence?

About the need to be right, for example if you dont know the answer you amay conform as you assume others know better than you do. Can happen in situations of ambiguity (when it isnt clear). A Cognitive process as it is about what you think.

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Explanations for conformity - what is normative social influence?

About the need to be liked, you may conform to social norms as others around you do because you don't want to be rejected. Can occour with both strangers and friends. An emotional process.

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How many participants were there in Aschs 'line' study?

123 male undergraduates

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How many trials did the particpants take part in in Aschs's 'line' study?

18 trials, 12 of them being critical, meaning those ones where when the confederates gave an incorrect answer

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What were the results of Asch's 'line' study?

75% conformed at least once, so only 25% did not conform at all.

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What were the variations of Asch's 'line' study?

Group size, unanimaty and task difficulty.

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What are the evaluation points for Asch's 'line' study?

1. People conformed more when the study was conducted 2. Demand characteristics 3. Cannot generalise 4. Ethical issues - particpants were decieved

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What are the four evaluation points of thw 'two-process' theory? (including NSI and ISI)

1. Research support for ISI, proven more likely to conform when harder 2. Individual differences for NSI - some people care less about others opinions 3. Usually the two work together, not seperately as proposed 4. NSI support - Asch's line study

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What are social roles?

The 'parts' people play as memebers of various social groups, accompanied by expectations of how this group is meant to act.

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Who conducted the Stanford Prision Experiment?

Philip Zimbardo

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What happened to the prisioners before they went into the prision in the Stanford Prision Experiment?

They were arrested at their house, taken to the prision by local police, ***** searched, deloused, and given a uniform and a number.

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What were the guards given to go into the prison with in the Stanford Pison experiment?

Guards had their own uniform, handuffs and mirrored glasses so you couldn't see their eyes.They were told they had complete power over the prisioners but not to use violence.

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What were the results of the Stanford Prison experiment regarding the prisoners?

On the second day they went on strike, which was squashed aggressively by the guards, After, the prisoners were subdued, anxious and depressed, some showing signs of psychological disturbance. Three left early, and one went on hunger strike.

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What were the results of the Stanford Prison experiment regarding the guards?

The guards identified with their roles almost straight away, tormenting prisoners and punishing the smallest misbehaviours. Some seemed to enjoy their power over the prisoners

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When was the Stanford Prison Experiment stopped?

After six days, even thought it was meant to last two weeks.

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What were the conclusions of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Experiment revealed the power of situation, as each person involved conformed majory to their social role they were given.

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What are the four evaluation points of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

1. Had complete control so no extraneous variables 2. Lack of realism may have meant the participants were just 'going along' with the experiment 3. Exaggerated how influential situation was - only 1/3 of guards 'extremely' aggressive 4. Unethical

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Who conduced a study involving 'shocks' to investigate obedience and why?

Milgram - wanted to see how people in Nazi Germany could follow orders and kill 10 million Jews.

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How many people took part in Milgrams obeidence study?

40 men he had recruited via advertisements of the study in newspapers - offered $4.50 to take part. Ranged different ages and backgrounds.

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Who was the confederate in the Milgram obedience study?

'Mr Wallace', a confederate that acted as another participant. He was the man who was 'shocked' aka the 'learner' whilst the participant was the 'teacher'. There was another, known as the 'experimenter' who was in the room with the particpant.

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What was the procedure of the Milgram obeidence study?

The particpants were told they had to read questions and if the 'learner' answered incorrectly, the participant delivered a fake shock to the 'learner', however they thought it was real.

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Could the particpant see the 'learner' getting shocked?

No, he was behind a screen, which is perhaps why the participants were more willing to 'shock' him. However, the learner would yell and scream through the walls, and after 300v fell silent.

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What was the scale of the shock machine in Milgrams obedience study?

Began at 15v, labelled slight shock, and went up to 450v, labelled 'DANGER: SEVERVE SHOCK'. The participants could read this as they gave the shocks.

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What did the experimenter say to the participant to urge him to continue?

1. Please go on 2. The experiment requires you continue 3. It is essential that you continue 4. You have no other choice, you must go on.

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What were the results of the Milgram obedience study?

Every participant went up to 300v (intense shock), and 65% went up to 450v. Qualitative data also showed particpants showed signs of extreme tension, sweat, trembling, stuttering and three were reported to have seizures.

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What are the evaluation points for Milgram's obedience study

1. Low internal validity because of demand characteristics 2. Good external validity because the relationships accurate to real life 3. Replicating evidence in 'The Game of Death' 4. Ethical issues due to trauma

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What were the three situational variables in Milgram's study when he repeated it?

Proximity, Location and Uniform.

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What happened when the situational variable was proximity?

Lower when the teacher had to force the learners hand to the plate - 30%. Even lower when experimenter was on the phone -20%.

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What happened when the situational variable was location?

Lower conformity rates when the study took place in old offices than Yale University - 47.5%

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What happened when the situational variable was uniform?

When the experimenter was a man in casual clothes rather than a man in a lab coat, the conformity levels fell to 20%, the lowest rate of them all.

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What were the four evaluation points of Milgram's variations?

1. Research support - when public asked to pick up rubbish 2. Lack of internal validity because realised it was artificial especially uniform 3. Cross-cultural replications show same results 4. 'Obedience alibi' - can use this as an excuse

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What is the agentic state?

When people feel as though they are acting in place of another authority and therefore the blame/responsibility is not put on them.

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What is an autonomous state?

Someone who feels responsible for their actions and are free to act according to their own principles.

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What are binding factors?

The reason why people are in the agentic state - they are aspects of the situation that allows the participant to feel not responsible e.g. not seeing the consequences

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What is legitimacy of authority?

When a person has an definite authority e.g. a teacher or police officer vs a normal person. They have 'earned' their right to being an authoritative figure therefore many obey them.

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What are three evaluation point for the agent/autonomous state?

1. Supporting evidence - people in Milgram's study thought the experimenter was to blame 2. Explains little - doesn't explain why some didn't obey 3. 'Obedience alibi' - may upset people if you just excuse the behaviour

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What are the legitimacy of authority evaluation points?

1. Cultural differences - only 16% of participants in Australia went all the way up the voltage scale so in different cultures

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