Social Cognition and Perception
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- Created by: frankie_1212
- Created on: 14-03-18 12:01
What is social cognition?
How attitudes, perceptions of ourselves and others, judgements and stereotypes, expectations influence our beliefs, intentions and behaviour
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What is assumed?
A rational, reasoned decision maker
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What does it comprise of?
A set of cognitive structures and processes that affect and are affected by social context
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What are people assumed to be?
Cognitive misers
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What tends to be adopted?
Cognitive short cuts
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Toward what?
Cognitive economy
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What is categorisation?
People devise short cut strategies to simplify nature of incoming information, a way of simplifying perceptions
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Therefore, what is it?
Grouping objects - treated in a similar way
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What is promoted?
Cognitive economy
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What is the rule based approach?
Every category represented by a set of features
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However?
It can be hard to define rules sometimes, people can disagree as rules, doesnt indicate how well something represents the category
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What is the prototypical approach?
Members share something in common, not identical for membersip
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What is a prototype?
Often average but sometimes most extreme eg: Environmentalist, categories considered fuzzy sets centering around a prototype
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What is the exemplar approach?
Specific instances of a category: Bambi as deer
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What is associative network?
Network of linked attributes activated through spreading activation
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What is a schema?
Cognitive representations
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What does it differ from?
Prototypes in terms of organisation - schemas highly organised and specify features and relationships
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What are schemas dependent on?
An individuals personal experience
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What are examples?
Person schema, role schema, scripts
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What happens once activated?
Schemas influence information processing and inference
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What can schemas activate and affect?
Judgement and behaviour
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What are schemas driven by?
Salience, relevance, personal importance
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What can they guide?
How we encode, remember and respond
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What was the automaticity example?
Subliminal priming of the old age stereotype, walked more slowly down the corridor compared to neutral primed participants, therefore people behave according to the primed schema - old age stereotype
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Sagar and Schofield's 1980 Racial Bias study: Pps
40 African American and 40 white
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Method
Ambiguous drawings with actors depicted as white or african american
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What did participants have to rate?
Behaviour as mean, threatening, playful and friendly
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What was found?
Behaviour as more threatening when the actor was AA, stereotypes bias interpretation of ambiguous events
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What is attribution?
The process of assigning causes for our own behaviour to that of others
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What is the naive scientist?
How people think about other people - common sense theory
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What is causal attribution
Inferring causes from observable behaviour or other information: To predict and control our environment
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What are internal causes?
Stable: Personality characteristics, beliefs
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What are external causes?
Changeable: Weather, other people
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What is Kelley's covariation model?
Most influential of all models of attribution- treated as the dominant approach
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What do people use the covriation principle for?
Decide whether internal or external cause
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What are the three questions in a given situation?
Consistency, consensus, distinctiveness
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What is the questions for consistency?
Does the person regularly behave this way in this situation?
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What is the question for consensus?
Do other people regularly behave this way in this situation?
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What is question for distinctiveness?
Does this person behave this way in other situations?
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What often happens?
Underuse of consensus info, saliency of info, people are poor at assessing covariation
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What is covariation not?
Causation is not causation
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What is the cognitive miser?
Social perception as a problem solving task
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What is another word for the cognitive miser?
Cognitive laziness
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What does a cognitive miser rely on?
Heuristics for decision making and interpresonal perception
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What do they process?
Salient information which stands out
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What is the availability heuristic?
Judging frequency of event based on number of instances brought to mind of that event
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What is the representativeness heuristic?
Whether a person is an example of a particular stored schema (EG: Stereotype)
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What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic?
Using information about initial standards or schemas
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What is fundamental attribution error?
Tendency to overestimate dispositional and underestimate situational factors
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But why?
Salience of actor and differential forgetting over time, like to believe we have contro
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What is the actor observer effect?
Tendency to make dispositional attributions for others and situational attributions for ourselves
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WHy?
Difference in salience, differences in historical information about actor, can be reversed by perspective taking
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Actor - observer study
Harre, Brandt and Houkamau
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What was studied?
The attributions of young drivers for their own and their friends' risky driving
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When we dispositional attributions used?
Showing off, cool used more for friends than self
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When were situational attributions used?
In a hurry late, used more for self than friends
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What is self serving bias?
Tendency to take credit (Make dispositional attributions for successes but not for failures (Situational attributions)
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What does it do?
Protect self esteem, also cognitive reasons - focuses on own efforts and information
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What is ethnocentrism?
In group serving bias
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What is dispositional bias in ethnocentrism?
Positive behaviour by ingroup or negative behaviour by outgroup
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What is situational bias in ethnocentrism/
Negative behaviour by ingroup or positive behaviour by outgroup
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What are public perceptions
measure of public feelings that don’t necessarily correspond to reality
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What do experts do?
o Experts rate risks from nuclear power as much lower than members of the public
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What did smart energy technologies presented as?
Potential to save money but people most concerned about saving money are less interested in SETs
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What do people often do?
- People don’t understand and fall back on irrational beliefs - If people knew more then they’d change their minds
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What did Evans and Durant do?
National survey in Britain - N= 2009, examined public understanding of science and public support for scientific resaerch
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What was found?
- Knowledge correlates positively with general attitudes moderately (R = 0.30)
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What other attitudes towards different research areas were there?
Useful – socially relevant and practical e.g. cancer research Non-useful – of intrinsic interest but not necessarily useful, e.g. putting a person on Mars Moral issues – e.g. genetic engineering
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What was found for useful basic research?
o Significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes for useful basic research (R = 0.20)
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What was found for non useful research?
o Almost no relation between knowledge and attitudes for non-useful research (R = 0.05) and negative associations for morally contentious research (R = -0.27)
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What was scientific understanding scores divided into?
Scientific understanding scores divided into quartiles (1 highest – 4 lowest)
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What was found for highest levels of knowledge?
Most positive attitudes towards useful research but less positive towards morally contentious areas
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Scientifically informed are more what?
Discriminating in their judgements
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What is the relationship between knowledge and attitudes?
Not the case that knowledge is linked with support for an issue
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What do proponents and opponents do?
Value different domains of knowledge
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What does social trust do?
Outweigh the importance of knowledge, methods and processes of science can be questioned, scientific institutions, organisation and patronage can be questioned
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What is upstream engagement?
dialogue and deliberation amongst affected parties about a potentially controversial technological issue at an early stage of the research and development process and in advance of significant applications or social controversy.
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What does data feed into ?
Products and policies that are more likely to succeed?
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What is engagement and empowerment?
o Public dialogue includes people in the decision – subsequently more likely to support and engage with activity `
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What is the construct level theory?
Construal level theory (CLT) is a theory in social psychology that describes the relation between psychological distance and the extent to which people's thinking (e.g., about objects and events) is abstract or concrete
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How is concrete thinking made?
Psychologically close --> Low level construal --> Concrete, unstructured contextualised (How)
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How is abstract thinking made?
Psychologically distant --> High level construal --> Abstract, schematic, decontextualised
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What does considering distance do?
Activate the same neural substrates
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What is the core concept of psychological distance?
Temporal, spatial, social distance and uncertainty are related
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What happens to words irrelevant to the task?
Interfered with task performance
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What happens to manipulating one aspect of distance?
Can influence other aspects of distance, imagine meeting new roommate tomorrow or in 6 months, more familiar tomorrow
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What is the implications of this?
- Objects considered at a distance will be considered in more abstract terms and will be formed into fewer groups o Psychological distance promotes more abstract thinking
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What does high level of construals allow?
transcendence of the here and now
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What should desirability concerns be?
Valued more with distance (Eg in the future) o Desirability concerns are a high level construal whereas feasibility concerns are a low level construal
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what are the links to attribution?
o third person perspective => dispositional attributions o first person perspective => situational attributions
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What is the links to intergroup behaviour?
o Outgroups described in more abstract terms and in terms of more enduring characteristics
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is assumed?
Back
A rational, reasoned decision maker
Card 3
Front
What does it comprise of?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are people assumed to be?
Back
Card 5
Front
What tends to be adopted?
Back
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