Schizophrenia C3
0.0 / 5
- Created by: kaylee17ne
- Created on: 12-01-24 11:10
Characteristics of SZ (introduction):
SZ is classified as a _______ disorder, its characterised by the sufferer losing touch with ______. SZ affects approximately _% of the population. Most symptoms can be categorised into two groups: positive and negativ
SZ is classified as a _______ disorder, its characterised by the sufferer losing touch with ______. SZ affects approximately _% of the population. Most symptoms can be categorised into two groups: positive and negativ
SZ is classified as a psychotic disorder, its characterised by the sufferer losing touch with reality. SZ affects approximately 1% of the population. Most symptoms can be categorised into two groups: positive and negative symptoms
1 of 136
Positive symptoms: any change in behaviour or thoughts that appear to reflect an ______ or _______ of normal function.
What are the 3 positive symptoms?
What are the 3 positive symptoms?
Positive symptoms; any change in behaviour which that appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal function.
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Catatonic behaviour
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Catatonic behaviour
2 of 136
Hallucinations:
Sensory __________ that aren't real. ________ hallucinations eg. hearing voices. _____ hallucinations eg. seeing things. _____ hallucinations eg. feeling someone touch them. _______ hallucinations eg. smelling things
Sensory __________ that aren't real. ________ hallucinations eg. hearing voices. _____ hallucinations eg. seeing things. _____ hallucinations eg. feeling someone touch them. _______ hallucinations eg. smelling things
Sensory perceptions that aren't real. Auditory hallucinations eg. hearing voices. Visual hallucinations eg. seeing things. Tactile hallucinations eg. feeling someone touch them. Olfactory hallucinations eg. smelling things
3 of 136
Delusions:
A ______ that isn't real but held with conviction. People develop a delusional idea to explain a ___________ they are having. There are delusions of ________ eg. being chased. Or delusions of ________ eg. believing they are powerful or god
A ______ that isn't real but held with conviction. People develop a delusional idea to explain a ___________ they are having. There are delusions of ________ eg. being chased. Or delusions of ________ eg. believing they are powerful or god
A belief that isn't real but held with conviction. People develop a delusional idea to explain a hallucination they are having. There are delusions of persecution eg. being chased. Or delusions of grandiosity eg. believing they are powerful or god
4 of 136
Delusions may also involve experiences of _______ eg. believing people are inserting thoughts into your mind
Delusions may also involve experiences of control eg. believing people are inserting thoughts into your mind
5 of 136
Catatonic behaviour:
Concerns with movement. For positive symptoms, the person has fast _______ or ______ movements eg. energetic pacing, walking in circles
Concerns with movement. For positive symptoms, the person has fast _______ or ______ movements eg. energetic pacing, walking in circles
Concerns with movement. For positive symptoms the person has fast repetitive or bizarre movements eg. energetic pacing, walking in a circle
6 of 136
Negative symptoms: change in behaviour or thoughts that reflect a _________ or lack of ______ that wouldn't be seen in a healthy person
What are the 4 negative symptoms?
What are the 4 negative symptoms?
Negative symptoms: change in behaviour or thoughts that reflect a withdrawal or lack of function that wouldn't be seen in a healthy person
Alogia, avolition, flatness of effect, catatonic behaviour
Alogia, avolition, flatness of effect, catatonic behaviour
7 of 136
Alogia:
Known as poverty of speech, characterised by a decrease in speech _______ and ___________ as a result of slow or blocked thoughts
Known as poverty of speech, characterised by a decrease in speech _______ and ___________ as a result of slow or blocked thoughts
Known as a poverty of speech, characterised by a decrease in speech fluency and productivity as a result of slow or blocked thoughts
8 of 136
Avolition:
The reduction or inability to persist in ____-directed behaviour eg. person seems unconcerned with what's going on around them and won't take part
The reduction or inability to persist in ____-directed behaviour eg. person seems unconcerned with what's going on around them and won't take part
The reduction or inability to persist in goal-directed behaviour eg. person seems unconcerned with what's going on around them and won't take part
9 of 136
Flatness of effect:
The reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, such as ______ expression and ___ contact. Eg. __________ speech
The reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, such as ______ expression and ___ contact. Eg. __________ speech
The reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, such as facial expression and eye contact. Eg. monotonous speech
10 of 136
Catatonic behaviour:
Concerns with movement eg. lack of movement such as remaining _______ for long periods, bizarre ______
Concerns with movement eg. lack of movement such as remaining _______ for long periods, bizarre ______
Concerns with movement eg. lack of movement such as remaining immobile for long periods, bizarre posture
11 of 136
EXT: SZ sufferers may also experience disorganised symptoms. Characterised by disorganised ______ (jumping from one topic to another) and disorganised _____ (random words formed into phrases)
SZ sufferers may also experience disorganised symptoms. Characterised by disorganised thoughts (jumping from one topic to another) and disorganised speech (random words formed into phrases)
12 of 136
Diagnostic criteria (ICD-10)
The requirement for diagnosis of SZ is a minimum of ___ clear symptom belonging to any groups in list 1. Or symptoms from at least ___ groups in list 2. Symptoms should be clearly present during ___ month or more
The requirement for diagnosis of SZ is a minimum of ___ clear symptom belonging to any groups in list 1. Or symptoms from at least ___ groups in list 2. Symptoms should be clearly present during ___ month or more
The requirement for diagnosis of SZ is a minimum of one clear symptom belonging to any groups in list 1. Or symptoms from at least two groups in list 2. Symptoms should be clearly present during one month or more
13 of 136
Bio explanation 1: Dopamine hypothesis
The initial hypothesis was that an increase in dopamine lead to ______ symptoms of SZ. DA neurones guide attention, so when this is disturbed there are problems with ________, ________ and thoughts for example delusi
The initial hypothesis was that an increase in dopamine lead to ______ symptoms of SZ. DA neurones guide attention, so when this is disturbed there are problems with ________, ________ and thoughts for example delusi
The initial hypothesis was that an increase in dopamine lead to positive symptoms of SZ. DA neurons guide attention, so when this is disturbed there are problems with attention, perception and thoughts for example delusions and hallucinations
14 of 136
The revised hypothesis was made as technology advanced, there are different subtypes of DA receptor sites (D1-D5) in the ______ _____ and ______ system. Research shows that __________ drugs affect D2 receptors found in _______ pathway, reducing positive s
The revised hypothesis was made as technology advanced, there are different subtypes of DA receptor sites (D1-D5) in the cerebral cortex and limbic system. Research shows that antipsychotic drugs affect D2 receptors found in mesolimbic pathway, reducing p
15 of 136
Role of DA in mesolimbic pathway:
Carries signals from the ______-______ area (VTA) to the ______ accumbens (NA) where D2 receptors are. Too much dopamine (____function) by overfiring neruons cause overstimulation, leading to _______ symptoms such as del
Carries signals from the ______-______ area (VTA) to the ______ accumbens (NA) where D2 receptors are. Too much dopamine (____function) by overfiring neruons cause overstimulation, leading to _______ symptoms such as del
Carries signals from the vental-tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NA) where D2 receptors are. Too much dopamine (hyperfunction) by overfiring neurons cause overstimulation, leading to positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations=
16 of 136
Role of DA in mesocortical pathway:
Carries signals from the _____-________ area (VTA) to the ______ lobe where D1 receptors are. Too little dopamine (____function) leads to cognitive impairment and ______ symptoms.
Carries signals from the _____-________ area (VTA) to the ______ lobe where D1 receptors are. Too little dopamine (____function) leads to cognitive impairment and ______ symptoms.
Carries signals from the vental-tegmental area (VTA) to the frontal lobe where D1 receptos are. Too little dopamine (hypofunction) leads to cognitive impairment and negative symptoms.
17 of 136
Evaluating the dopamine hypothesis
P: Strength is that it's supported by reliable evidence
E: ________ (1968) administered volunteers with a DA agonist and observed that they demonstrated abrupt symptoms such as _______
P: Strength is that it's supported by reliable evidence
E: ________ (1968) administered volunteers with a DA agonist and observed that they demonstrated abrupt symptoms such as _______
P: Strength is that it's supported by reliable evidence
E: Griffiths (1968) administered volunteers with a DA agonist and observed that they demonstrated abrupt symptoms such as delusions
E: Griffiths (1968) administered volunteers with a DA agonist and observed that they demonstrated abrupt symptoms such as delusions
18 of 136
E: Demonstrates a link between increased levels of dopamine and _______ symptoms of SZ. Findings are reliable as this has been consistently demonstrated in different research. However it isn't conclusive proof of _________ as it doesn't account for negati
E: Demonstrates a link between increased levels of dopamine and positive symptoms of SZ. Findings are reliable as this has been consistently demonstrated in different research. However it isn't conclusive proof of causation as it doesn't account for negat
19 of 136
P: A strength is that it has useful applications
E: Antipsychotics work by blocking DA _______ on overactive neurons to lower DA levels. ____ (1964) found 75% given phenothiazines much improved compared to 25% in placebo condition, proving the effectivene
E: Antipsychotics work by blocking DA _______ on overactive neurons to lower DA levels. ____ (1964) found 75% given phenothiazines much improved compared to 25% in placebo condition, proving the effectivene
P: A strength is that it has useful applications
E: Antipsychotics work by blocking DA receptors on overactive neurons to lower DA levels. Cole (1964) found 75% given phenothiazines much improved compared to 25% in placebo condition, proving the effective
E: Antipsychotics work by blocking DA receptors on overactive neurons to lower DA levels. Cole (1964) found 75% given phenothiazines much improved compared to 25% in placebo condition, proving the effective
20 of 136
E: Supports impact of altering DA to reduce _______ symptoms, suggesting DA levels cause symptoms. However AP drugs aren't effective for ___% patients and placebo drugs are effective for some, suggesting there are other factors responsible and DA function
E: Supports impact of altering DA to reduce positive symptoms, suggesting DA levels cause symptoms. However AP drugs aren't effective for 100% patients, suggesting there are other factors responsible and DA function isn't the sole cause of SZ.
21 of 136
P: A weakness is that the bio explanation is reductionist
E: Dopamine hypothesis reduces the cause of a complex disorder down to ________ in brain chemistry
E: Dopamine hypothesis reduces the cause of a complex disorder down to ________ in brain chemistry
P: A weakness is that the bio explanation is reductionist
E: Dopamine hypothesis reduces the cause of a complex disorder down to imbalances in brain chemistry
E: Dopamine hypothesis reduces the cause of a complex disorder down to imbalances in brain chemistry
22 of 136
E: the idea that SZ is solely caused by brain chemistry is too _______. Other explanations are overlooked such as psychodynamic theorists arguing a link between childhood _________ and developing SZ. However the reductionist nature is helpful as _________
E: The idea that SZ is solely caused by brain chemistry is too simplistic. Other explanations are overlooked such as psychodynamic theorists arguing a link between childhood experiences and developing SZ. However the reductionist nature is helpful as trea
23 of 136
P: A weakness is that different studies have produced contradictory findings, so an imbalance of DA may not be the cause of SZ
E: _______ and ____ (2000) found no significant difference in DA activity using PET scans in the brains of those with SZ and tho
E: _______ and ____ (2000) found no significant difference in DA activity using PET scans in the brains of those with SZ and tho
P: A weakness is that different studies have produced contradictory findings, so an imbalance of DA may not be the cause of SZ
E: Copolov and Crook (2000) found no significant difference in DA activity using PET scans in the brains of those with SZ and th
E: Copolov and Crook (2000) found no significant difference in DA activity using PET scans in the brains of those with SZ and th
24 of 136
E: Inconsistencies in studies question the ________ of findings and _______ of the dopamine explanation.
EXT: Variations in the levels of __________ taken by ppts may have led to differences in levels of DA identified
EXT: Variations in the levels of __________ taken by ppts may have led to differences in levels of DA identified
E: Inconsistencies in studies question the reliability of findings and the validity of the dopamine explanation.
EXT: Variations in the levels of medication taken by ppts may have led to differences in levels of DA identified
EXT: Variations in the levels of medication taken by ppts may have led to differences in levels of DA identified
25 of 136
Application (DA hypothesis)
A bio explanation of SZ would suggest symptoms are caused by an imbalance of ________. Therefore changing DA activity should have an impact on SZ _______
A bio explanation of SZ would suggest symptoms are caused by an imbalance of ________. Therefore changing DA activity should have an impact on SZ _______
A bio explanation of SZ would suggest symptoms are caused by an imbalance of dopamine. Therefore changing DA activity should have an impact on SZ symptoms.
26 of 136
Conventional APs work by targeting _______ DA neurons to lower DA levels, the drug _____ to the DA receptors but doesn't stimulate them. Resulting in less DA stimulation, reducing _______ caused by high levels of DA.
Conventional APs work by targeting overactive DA neurons to lower DA levels, the drug binds to the DA receptors but doesn't stimulate them. Resulting in less DA stimulation, reducing symptoms caused by high levels of DA.
27 of 136
Certain symptoms of SZ are associated with the ________ pathway, containing __ receptors that play a role in positive symptoms. AP drugs target these neurons to reduce symptoms.
Certain symptoms of SZ are associated with the mesolimbic pathway, containing D2 receptors that play a role in positive symptoms. AP drugs target these neurons to reduce symptoms.
28 of 136
Bio explanation 2: Structural abnormalities
In some people with SZ the ______ and _____ brain ventricles are larger than in those who don't have SZ. ______ (2002) used CAT scans and found on average the ventricles of someone with SZ are 15% bigger than no
In some people with SZ the ______ and _____ brain ventricles are larger than in those who don't have SZ. ______ (2002) used CAT scans and found on average the ventricles of someone with SZ are 15% bigger than no
In some people with SZ the lateral and third brain ventricles are larger than in those who don't have SZ. Torrey (2002) used CAT scans and found on average the ventricles of someone with SZ are 15% bigger than normal
29 of 136
People with SZ and enlarged ventricles display more ______ symptoms than ______ symptoms, and have greater cognitive __________. For example, lateral vetricles are located near ______ structures involved in language processing, SZ symptoms develop when th
People with SZ and enlarged ventricles display more negative symptoms than positive symptoms, and have greater cognitive distrubances. For example, lateral ventricles are located near cortical structures involved in language processing, SZ symptoms develo
30 of 136
Evaluation of structural abnormalities
P: A strength is that this explanation is supported by research evidence
E: _____ (2002) used CAT scans and found on average the ventricles of a person with SZ are 15% bigger than normal
P: A strength is that this explanation is supported by research evidence
E: _____ (2002) used CAT scans and found on average the ventricles of a person with SZ are 15% bigger than normal
P: A strength is that this explanation is supported by research evidence
E: Torrey (2002) used CAT scans and found on average the ventricles of a person with SZ are 15% bigger than normal
E: Torrey (2002) used CAT scans and found on average the ventricles of a person with SZ are 15% bigger than normal
31 of 136
E: This means we can _________ measure and observe any structural damages to the brain in relation to SZ in controlled _________ using brain scanning equipment, these can be ________ to those who don't have SZ
E: This means we can objectively measure and observe any structural damages in relation to SZ in controlled laboratories using brain scanning equipment, these can be compared to those who don't have SZ
32 of 136
P: A weakness is that cause and effect can't be established
E: Not possible to establish whether brain abnormalities ______ SZ or whether having SZ damages brain structures. _____ (1981) carried out studies on SZ patients who did take medication compared
E: Not possible to establish whether brain abnormalities ______ SZ or whether having SZ damages brain structures. _____ (1981) carried out studies on SZ patients who did take medication compared
P: A weakness is that cause and effect can't be established
E: Not possible to establish whether brain abnormalities cause SZ or whether having SZ damages brain structures. Lyon (1981) carried out studies on SZ patients who did tak medication compared to
E: Not possible to establish whether brain abnormalities cause SZ or whether having SZ damages brain structures. Lyon (1981) carried out studies on SZ patients who did tak medication compared to
33 of 136
E: The research from Lyon suggests _________ cause problems with brain structures, rather than brain abnormalities being a cause of the illness.
E: The research from Lyon suggests antipsychotics cause problems with brain structures, rather than brain abnormalities being a cause of the illness.
34 of 136
P: A weakness is that some of the evidence to support the explanation is inconsistent
E: Some studies have shown a _________ in ventricle size between those with SZ and not with SZ, but other studies have found brain ventricles in those with SZ are no ___
E: Some studies have shown a _________ in ventricle size between those with SZ and not with SZ, but other studies have found brain ventricles in those with SZ are no ___
P: A weakness is that some of the evidence to support the explanation is inconsistent
E: Some studies have shown a discrepancy in ventricle size between those with SZ and not with SZ, but other studies have found brain ventricles in those with SZ are no l
E: Some studies have shown a discrepancy in ventricle size between those with SZ and not with SZ, but other studies have found brain ventricles in those with SZ are no l
35 of 136
Individual differences: dysfunctional thought processes
Chris _____ identified key aspects of dysfunctional thought processing in those with SZ, two are a lack of _________ filters and faulty ___________. Aaron _____ made a cognitive triad to explain SZ n
Chris _____ identified key aspects of dysfunctional thought processing in those with SZ, two are a lack of _________ filters and faulty ___________. Aaron _____ made a cognitive triad to explain SZ n
Chris Frith identified key aspects of dysfunctional thought processing in those with SZ, two are a lack of preconscious filters and faulty metrarepresentation. Aaron Beck made a cognitive triad to explain SZ negative symptoms.
36 of 136
Lack of preconscious filters:
SZ is the result of a faulty __________ system. These usually filter out unnecessary _____ before we become aware of it. For some with SZ the filtering doesn't work so they experience ______ overload and consciously process h
SZ is the result of a faulty __________ system. These usually filter out unnecessary _____ before we become aware of it. For some with SZ the filtering doesn't work so they experience ______ overload and consciously process h
SZ is the result of a faulty attentional system. These usually filter out unnecessary input before we become aware of it. For some with SZ the filtering doesn't work so they experience sensory overload and consciously process high levels of irrelevant inf
37 of 136
Faulty metrarepresentation:
How we ______ and understand we are __________ for our thoughts and behaviours. By paying attention to thought processes we can explain our behaviour, those with SZ lack this ability.
How we ______ and understand we are __________ for our thoughts and behaviours. By paying attention to thought processes we can explain our behaviour, those with SZ lack this ability.
How we reflect and understand we are responsible for our thooughts and behaviours. By paying attention to thought processes we can explain our behaviour, those with SZ lack this ability.
38 of 136
If someone is unable to identify their thoughts as their own, they then make assumptions that they are from external sources such as auditory __________ or ______ of control. This explains negative symptoms like ______ and disorganised _______.
If someone is unable to identify their thoughts as their own, they then make assumptions that they are from external sources such as auditory hallucinations or delusions of control. This explains negative symptoms like avolition and disorganised thinking.
39 of 136
Negative cognitive triad:
Some schizophrenics may have negative schemas about _________, the ______, and the ______. This causes the person to only pay attention to negative thoughts, leading to negative symptoms like ________ flattening and _______.
Some schizophrenics may have negative schemas about _________, the ______, and the ______. This causes the person to only pay attention to negative thoughts, leading to negative symptoms like ________ flattening and _______.
Some schizophrenics may have negative schemas about themselves, the world and the future. This causes the person to only pay attention to negaive thoughts, leading to negative symptoms like affective flattening and avolition.
40 of 136
Evaluating the cognitive explanation
P: Strength is that there's research evidence to support the role of issues with filtering info correctly
E: _____ (1999) did a stroop test on those with SZ and without, those with SZ were ______ and made more mistakes
P: Strength is that there's research evidence to support the role of issues with filtering info correctly
E: _____ (1999) did a stroop test on those with SZ and without, those with SZ were ______ and made more mistakes
P: Strength is that there's research evidence to support the role of issues with filtering info correctly.
E: Barch (1999) did a stroop test on those with SZ and without, those with SZ were slower and made more mistakes than control group.
E: Barch (1999) did a stroop test on those with SZ and without, those with SZ were slower and made more mistakes than control group.
41 of 136
E: Suggests that those with SZ can't filter information as effectively as people who don't have SZ, supporting ______ idea that attentional filters of people with SZ are defective.
E: Suggests that those with SZ can't filter information as effectively as people who don't have SZ, supporting Frith's idea that attentional filters of people with SZ are defective.
42 of 136
P: Weakness is that the explanation is reductionist.
E: Although cognitive explanations account for __________, delusions, and social ________ they aren't effective in explaining other symptoms. Other important causes are ignored such as _________ factors
E: Although cognitive explanations account for __________, delusions, and social ________ they aren't effective in explaining other symptoms. Other important causes are ignored such as _________ factors
P: Weakness is that the explanation is reductionist.
E: Although cognitive explanations account for hallucinations, delusions and social withdrawal they aren't effective in explaining other symptoms. Other important causes are ignored such as biological f
E: Although cognitive explanations account for hallucinations, delusions and social withdrawal they aren't effective in explaining other symptoms. Other important causes are ignored such as biological f
43 of 136
E: Suggests the explanation is insufficient in explaining all SZ symptoms, this means we can't _____ on this alone to fully explain the ______ of SZ.
E: Suggests the explanation is insufficient in explaining all SZ symptoms, this means we can't rely on this alone to fully explain the cause of SZ.
44 of 136
P: Strength is that it has successful applications to those with SZ using CBT
E: ______ (1997) found 50% of patients with positive symptoms of SZ that were 'medication resistant' experienced a _______ in symptoms, while only 31% in a control group benefit
E: ______ (1997) found 50% of patients with positive symptoms of SZ that were 'medication resistant' experienced a _______ in symptoms, while only 31% in a control group benefit
P: Strength is that it has successful application to those with SZ using CBT
E: Kuipers (1997) found 50% of patients with positive symptoms of SZ that were 'medication resistant' experienced a reduction in symptoms, while only 31% in a control group benef
E: Kuipers (1997) found 50% of patients with positive symptoms of SZ that were 'medication resistant' experienced a reduction in symptoms, while only 31% in a control group benef
45 of 136
E: Suggests cognitive explanations have been useful because CBT can be highly effective for those who don't respond to _____ therapy. This adds ______ to the explanation because it suggests when patients modify cognition, it helps reduce and manage ______
E: Suggests cognitive explanations have been useful because CBT can be highly effective for those who don't respond to drug therapy. This adds validity to the explanation because it suggests when patients modify cognition, it helps reeduce and manage symp
46 of 136
P: Weakness is that it only describes issues that underlie symptoms of SZ, rather than identifying the causes
E: Suggested that one cause of SZ is faulty _________ processing, but it fails to explain what causes someone to have poor ________ filters in th
E: Suggested that one cause of SZ is faulty _________ processing, but it fails to explain what causes someone to have poor ________ filters in th
P: Weakness is that it only decribes issues that uderlie symptoms of SZ, rather than identifying the causes
E: Suggested that one cause of SZ is faulty attentional processing, but it fails to explain what causes someone to have poor attentional filters in
E: Suggested that one cause of SZ is faulty attentional processing, but it fails to explain what causes someone to have poor attentional filters in
47 of 136
E: Suggests cognitive explanations are insufficient as they can't account for the full ______ of the disorder.
E: Suggests cognitive explanations are insufficient as they can't account for the full cause of the disorder.
48 of 136
Application (dysfunctional thought processes)
CBT helps SZ patients consider and organise their ___________ thoughts in a rational way. For example, they hear ______ but can learn to live with them by managing the way they are interpreted
CBT helps SZ patients consider and organise their ___________ thoughts in a rational way. For example, they hear ______ but can learn to live with them by managing the way they are interpreted
CBT helps SZ patients consider and organise their disorganised thoughts in a rational way. For example, they hear voices but can learn to live with them by managing the way they are interpreted
49 of 136
CBT challenges SZ patients interpretations of events by asking them to discuss the ________ for their beliefs. If there is no evidence then they can start to ________ the way they perceive events through cognitive ____________
CBT challenges SZ patients interpretations of events by asking them to discuss the evidence for their beliefs. If there is no evidence then they can start to restructure the way they perceive events through cognitive restructuring.
50 of 136
SZ symptoms such as ___________ occur during times of anxiety. CBT helps with this because the _______ ________ scheduling component can teach patients to apply relaxation techniques to minimise their symptoms
SZ symptoms such as hallucinations occur during times of anxiety. CBT helps with this because the pleasant activity scheduling component can teach patients to apply relaxation techniques to minimise their symptoms.
51 of 136
Individual differences: psychodynamic approach
Based on Freud's assumptions that behaviour is caused by ________ experiences, the ________ mind, and the _______ personality. According to Freud the symptoms of SZ are caused by _______ and ________.
Based on Freud's assumptions that behaviour is caused by ________ experiences, the ________ mind, and the _______ personality. According to Freud the symptoms of SZ are caused by _______ and ________.
Based on Freud's assumptions that behaviour is caused by childhood experiences, the unconscious mind, and the tripartite personality. According to Freud the symptoms of SZ are caused by fixation and regression.
52 of 136
Fixation:
SZ is caused by an individual becoming fixated during the _____ stage. This is caused by the child experiencing ______ at an early age. As a result of fixation the adult will use _______ mechanisms to cope with excess stress, leading to symptoms
SZ is caused by an individual becoming fixated during the _____ stage. This is caused by the child experiencing ______ at an early age. As a result of fixation the adult will use _______ mechanisms to cope with excess stress, leading to symptoms
SZ is caused by an individual becoming fixated during the oral stage. This is caused by the child experiencing trauma at an early age. As a result of fixation the adult will use defence mechanisms to cope with excess stress, leading to symptoms.
53 of 136
Regression:
When faced with anxiety in later life an individual will use this to regress back to the ____ stage (where fixation began). This is the pre-___ stage, meaning the ___ isn't present to control the urges of the id. Those with SZ struggle to dist
When faced with anxiety in later life an individual will use this to regress back to the ____ stage (where fixation began). This is the pre-___ stage, meaning the ___ isn't present to control the urges of the id. Those with SZ struggle to dist
When faced with anxiety in later life an individual will use this to regress back to the oral stage (where fixation began). This is the pre-ego stage, meaning the ego isn't present to control the urges of the id. Those with SZ struggle to distinguish betw
54 of 136
Delusions of ________ are childlike behaviours due to the id having free reign. Hallucinations are explained as being a reflection of the ego trying to re-establish ___-______.
Delusions of grandiosity are childlike behaviours due to the id having free reign. Hallucinations are explained as being a reflection of the go trying to re-establish ego-control.
55 of 136
Evaluating psychodynamic:
P: Weakness is that the explanation lacks validity
E: Freud's theories are criticised by psychologists today due to __________ concepts. The id, ego, and superego can't be __________ tested. We can't say for certain that ________
P: Weakness is that the explanation lacks validity
E: Freud's theories are criticised by psychologists today due to __________ concepts. The id, ego, and superego can't be __________ tested. We can't say for certain that ________
P: Weakness is that the explanation lacks validity
E: Freud's theories are criticised by psychologists today due to unfalsifiable concepts. The id, ego, and superego can't be objectively tested. We can't say for certain that regression causes symptoms of
E: Freud's theories are criticised by psychologists today due to unfalsifiable concepts. The id, ego, and superego can't be objectively tested. We can't say for certain that regression causes symptoms of
56 of 136
E: Therefore lacks _______ validity and is now a less respected explanation of SZ compared to _________ explanations based on objective measures.
E: Therefore lacks scientific validity as is now a less respected explanation of SZ compared to biological explanations based on objective measures.
57 of 136
P: Weakness is that the explanation doesn't have useful applications
E: Freud claimed __________ isn't suitable for SZ patients because they lack insight into their condition. Considering _______ conflicts and repressed childhood ______ is damaging for a
E: Freud claimed __________ isn't suitable for SZ patients because they lack insight into their condition. Considering _______ conflicts and repressed childhood ______ is damaging for a
P: Weakness is that the explanation doesn't have useful applications
E: Freud claimed psychoanalysis isn't suitable for SZ patients because they lack insight into their own condition. Considering unconscious conflicts and repressed childhood trauma is dam
E: Freud claimed psychoanalysis isn't suitable for SZ patients because they lack insight into their own condition. Considering unconscious conflicts and repressed childhood trauma is dam
58 of 136
______ (1997) found psychoanalysis can be more harmful than helpful for patients with SZ, they reinforce _______
E: Questions the validity of the explanation because it has ________ use and doesn't identify the true _______ of the disorder
E: Questions the validity of the explanation because it has ________ use and doesn't identify the true _______ of the disorder
Strupp (1977) found psychoanalysis can be more harmful than helpful for patients with SZ, they reinforce delusions
E: Questions the validity of the explanation because it has limited use and doesn't identify the true causes of the disorder
E: Questions the validity of the explanation because it has limited use and doesn't identify the true causes of the disorder
59 of 136
Social psych: Dysfunctional families
George _____ proposed that adverse home environments that had high levels of expressed emotion are ______ and produce stress, which exceed the sufferer's coping _________, therefore trigger SZ episodes
George _____ proposed that adverse home environments that had high levels of expressed emotion are ______ and produce stress, which exceed the sufferer's coping _________, therefore trigger SZ episodes
George Brown proposed that adverse home environments that had high levels of expressed emotion are negative and produce stress, which excess the sufferer's coping mechanims, therefore trigger SZ episodes
60 of 136
This high EE communication style includes critical ________ about behaviour, ______ from carers as they get angry with sufferers as they feel they can't control their behaviour resulting in ________, emotional ______________ which carers blame themselves
The high EE communication style includes critical comments about behaviour, hostility from carers as they get angry with sufferers as they feel they can't control their behaviour resulting in withdrawal, emotional overinvolvement which carers blame themse
61 of 136
George ______ proposed the double bind theory. He believed that children who receive contradictory __________ from parents are more likely to suffer from SZ eg. mother tells her child she loves them but turns away in disgust. The parent communicates two _
George Bateson proposed the double bind theory. He believed that children who receive contradictory messages from parents are more likely to suffer from SZ eg. mother tells her child she loves them but turns away in disgust. The parent communicates two op
62 of 136
Children find it difficult to respond to this as one message invalidates the other, preventing a ______ ___________ of reality. He claimed that long-term exposure to double bind communications results in _______ symptoms such as hallucinations to ______ t
Children find it difficult to respond to this as one message invalidates the other, preventing a coherent construction of reality. He claimed that long-term exposure to double bind communication results in positive symptoms such as hallucinations to escap
63 of 136
Evaluating dysfunctional families
P: Strength is that there's supporting research
E: ______ (1965) conducted a retrospective study consisting of a questionnaire of __ double bind statements
P: Strength is that there's supporting research
E: ______ (1965) conducted a retrospective study consisting of a questionnaire of __ double bind statements
P: Strength is that there's supporting research evidence
E: Berger (1965) conducted a retrospective study consisting of a questionnaire of 30 double bind statements
E: Berger (1965) conducted a retrospective study consisting of a questionnaire of 30 double bind statements
64 of 136
Ppts were asked to rate on a _-point scale of how frequently their mothers used the statements. SZ group of __ consistently reported a higher incidence of statements compared to __ college students.
Pppts were asked to rate on a 4-point scale of how frequently their mothers used the statements. SZ group of 20 consistently reported a higher incidence of statements compared to 40 college students.
65 of 136
______ and ____ (1976) found adverse home environments is one of the main predictors of relapse for SZs. They conducted interviews with __ SZ patients who had been discharged from hospital with their families over an __ month period. Found __% of those fr
Vaughn and Leff (1976) found adverse home environments is one of the main predictors of relapse for SZs. They conducted interviews with 69 SZ patients who had been discharged from hospital with their families over an 18 month period. Found 53% of those fr
66 of 136
E: Findings clearly demonstrate that high EE families and double bind communications influenced the __________ of SZ
E: Findings clearly demonstrate that high EE families and double bind communications influenced the occurrence of SZ.
67 of 136
EXT: ______ (1965) findings dont clearly show a link between SZ and double bind communication because there was no significant increase in reported DB statements between SZ and groups of others with different _________
EXT: Bergers (1965) findings don't clearly show a link between SZ and double bind communication because there was no significant increase in reported DB statements between SZ group and groups of others with different illnesses.
68 of 136
______ and ____ (1976) found no significant differences in relapse rates between high and low EE groups _ to __ months after successful treatment. This shows EE environments aren't the only factor influencing SZ ______.
Vaughn and Leff (1976) found no significant differences in relapse rates between high and low EE groups 6 to 12 months after successful treatment. This shows EE environments aren't the only factor influencing SZ relapse.
69 of 136
P: Weakness is the uncertainty if dysfunctional families are the cause or effect of SZ
E: Research is usually based on families who is or has been ______ with the illness. Joan ____ (1976) suggests these studies show how parents have changed their _______
E: Research is usually based on families who is or has been ______ with the illness. Joan ____ (1976) suggests these studies show how parents have changed their _______
P: Weakness is the uncertainity if dysfunctional families are the cause or effect of SZ
E: Research usually based on families who is or has been treated. Joan Liam (1976) suggests these studies show how parents have changed their communication styles when
E: Research usually based on families who is or has been treated. Joan Liam (1976) suggests these studies show how parents have changed their communication styles when
70 of 136
E: Double bind communications or EE environments may just be the result of living with a SZ patient rather than the ______ of their illness. This questions the ______ of the dysfunctional families explanation.
E: Double bind communications or EE environments may just be the result of living with an SZ patient rather than the cause of their illness. This questions the validity of the dysfunctional families explanation.
71 of 136
P: A strength is the successful applications
E: Clinical psychologists use family __________, promoting low EE home environments, reducing ______ rates. _______ (2010) found after reviewing 53 trials that these significantly reduced ______ rates and hospi
E: Clinical psychologists use family __________, promoting low EE home environments, reducing ______ rates. _______ (2010) found after reviewing 53 trials that these significantly reduced ______ rates and hospi
P: A strength is the successful applications
E: Clinical psychologists use family interventions, promoting low EE home environments, reducing relapse rates. Pharoah (2010) found after reviewing 53 trials that these significantly reduced relapse rates and
E: Clinical psychologists use family interventions, promoting low EE home environments, reducing relapse rates. Pharoah (2010) found after reviewing 53 trials that these significantly reduced relapse rates and
72 of 136
E: Successful applications give _______ to the role of dysfunctional families as an explanation of SZ.
E: Successful applications give validity to the role of dysfunctional families as an explanation of SZ.
73 of 136
Application (social psych)
Understanding EE environments and their effect on SZ has led to the use of family __________ to reduce relapse rates.
Understanding EE environments and their effect on SZ has led to the use of family __________ to reduce relapse rates.
Understanding EE environments and their effect on SZ has led to the use of family interventions to reduce relapse rates
74 of 136
_______ (2000) suggests problems can be spotted and solved within families, reducing expression of _____, reasonable ________ of how an ill family member should perform, promoting positive ______ to behaviour and beliefs. This should lead to low EE enviro
Pharoah (2000) suggests problems can be spotted and solved within families, reducing expression of anger, reasonable expectations of how an ill family member should perform, promoting positive changes to behaviour and beliefs. This should lead to low EE e
75 of 136
They found, after reviewing __ trials that family interventions significantly reduced ______ rates and hospital admissions.
They fond, after reviewing 53 trials, that family interventions significantly reduced relapse rates and hospital admissions.
76 of 136
Social psych 2: Sociocultural factors
It's been demonstrated consistently that the rate of SZ in _____ areas is much higher than in _____ areas. _____ and ______ (1939) found higher incidents of SZ in populated inner city Chicago compared to less populate
It's been demonstrated consistently that the rate of SZ in _____ areas is much higher than in _____ areas. _____ and ______ (1939) found higher incidents of SZ in populated inner city Chicago compared to less populate
It's been demonstrated consistently that the rate of SZ in urban areas is much higher than in rural areas. Faris and Dunham (1939) found higher incidents of SZ in populated inner city Chicago compared to less populated outskirts.
77 of 136
_________ and Van Os (2010) identified factors of urban living contributing to SZ; ______ (stressful home life), environmental _______ (affects brain development), higher levels of ____ abuse (cannabis doubles the risk of SZ), children living in poverty m
Krabbendam and Van Os (2010) identified factors of urban living contributing to SZ; poverty (stressful home life), environmental pollution (affects brain development), higher levels of drug abuse (cannabis doubles the risk of SZ), children living in pover
78 of 136
Another finding is the rates of SZ is higher with ________. Higher rate of SZ may be due to increased stress due to ___________. This stress caused by being an ethnic minority/immigrant may be the trigger of SZ.
Another finding is the rates of SZ is higher with immigrants. Higher rate of SZ may be due to increased stress due to discrimination. This stress caused by being an ethnic minority/immigrant may be the trigger of SZ.
79 of 136
_________ and ___________ (1995) found black Afro-Carribean male immigrants in the UK are _ times more likely to be diagnosed with SZ than British White people.
____ reported higher psychosis rates amongst Greenlanders living in Denmark
____ reported higher psychosis rates amongst Greenlanders living in Denmark
Cochrane and Sashidharan (1995) found black Afro-Carribean male immigrants in the UK are 7 times more likely to be diagnosed with SZ than British White people.
Signh reported psychosis rates amongst Greenlanders living in Denmark.
Signh reported psychosis rates amongst Greenlanders living in Denmark.
80 of 136
Evaluating sociocultural factors
P: Strength is supporting research evidence
E: Use _____ and _______ study
E: Findings on the stress of urban living and ethnicity on SZ have been ________ across different countries, so are highly reliable and contain ___
P: Strength is supporting research evidence
E: Use _____ and _______ study
E: Findings on the stress of urban living and ethnicity on SZ have been ________ across different countries, so are highly reliable and contain ___
P: Strength is supporting research evidence
E: Use Faris and Dunham study
E: Findings on stress of urban living and ethnicity on SZ have been repeated across different countries, so are highly reliable and contain external validity.
E: Use Faris and Dunham study
E: Findings on stress of urban living and ethnicity on SZ have been repeated across different countries, so are highly reliable and contain external validity.
81 of 136
P: Weakness is the uncertainty if SZ comes before or after urban living
E: The _____ _____ hypothesis suggests once diagnosed with SZ, a sufferer's socioeconomic status declines due to losing _________, and they may move to more ________ areas
E: The _____ _____ hypothesis suggests once diagnosed with SZ, a sufferer's socioeconomic status declines due to losing _________, and they may move to more ________ areas
P: Weakness is the uncertainty if SZ comes before or after urban living
E: The social drift hypothesis suggests once diagnosed with SZ, a sufferer's socioeconomic status declines due to losing employment, and they may move to more urbanised areas
E: The social drift hypothesis suggests once diagnosed with SZ, a sufferer's socioeconomic status declines due to losing employment, and they may move to more urbanised areas
82 of 136
E: This lacks clarity on _____ and _____, questioning the credibility of the urbancity explanation of SZ.
E: This lacks clarity on cause and effect, questioning the credibility of the urbanicity explanation of SZ.
83 of 136
P: A weakness is that ethnic groups are diagnosed because of ________ rather than stress
E: It might be that there isn't higher levels of SZ in minority groups, but they are more likely to be diagnosed due to racial ________ of psychiatrists and doctors.
E: It might be that there isn't higher levels of SZ in minority groups, but they are more likely to be diagnosed due to racial ________ of psychiatrists and doctors.
P: A weakness is that ethnic groups are diagnosed because of prejudice rather than stress
E: It might be that there isn't higher levels of SZ in minority groups, but they are more likely to be diagnosed due to racial prejudices of psychiatrists and doctor
E: It might be that there isn't higher levels of SZ in minority groups, but they are more likely to be diagnosed due to racial prejudices of psychiatrists and doctor
84 of 136
E: This explanation is therefore an issue of _______ rather than an explanation for the occurence of SZ.
E: This explanation is therefore an issue of diagnosis rather than an explanation for the occurrence of SZ.
85 of 136
Methods of modifying: antipsychotic drugs
Positive symptoms are thought to be caused by high levels of _______ in certain parts of the brain. AP drugs target DA neurons to reduce _______ levels and symptoms.
Positive symptoms are thought to be caused by high levels of _______ in certain parts of the brain. AP drugs target DA neurons to reduce _______ levels and symptoms.
Positive symptoms are thought to be caused by high levels of dopamine in certain parts of the brain. AP drugs target DA neurons to reduce dopamine levels and symptoms.
86 of 136
Conventional APs:
____________ is an example. These drugs are DA _________, they bind to but don't stimulate receiving DA receptors. They work by targeting _________ DA neurons to lower DA levels.
____________ is an example. These drugs are DA _________, they bind to but don't stimulate receiving DA receptors. They work by targeting _________ DA neurons to lower DA levels.
Chlorpromazine is an example. These drugs are
DA antagonists, they bind to but don't stimulate receiving DA receptors. They work by targeting overactive DA neurons to lower DA levels.
DA antagonists, they bind to but don't stimulate receiving DA receptors. They work by targeting overactive DA neurons to lower DA levels.
87 of 136
Theses drugs mainly target __ receptors, found in the nucleus _________, part of the ________ pathway. Results in less DA stimulating receiving neurons, reducing _______ symptoms caused by high levels of DA.
These drugs mainly target D2 receptors, found in the nucleus accumbens, part of the mesolimbic pathway. Results in less DA stimulating receiving neurons, reducing positive symptoms caused by high levels of DA.
88 of 136
Atypical APs:
An example is ________. They are DA ______, blocking the action of DA. These have a more ________ effect in the brain as they ________ occupy DA receptors then rapidly disconnect to allow DA transmission to continue. This explains why these
An example is ________. They are DA ______, blocking the action of DA. These have a more ________ effect in the brain as they ________ occupy DA receptors then rapidly disconnect to allow DA transmission to continue. This explains why these
An example is clozapine. They are DA agonists, blocking the action of DA. These have a more temporary effect in the brain as they temporarily occupy DA receptors then rapidly disconnect to allow DA transmission to continue. This explains why these drugs a
89 of 136
Atypical APs are received at fewer DA receptors and occupy more __ and __ receptors. __ receptors are found in the frontal cortex and implicated in _______ symptoms. This explains why atypical drugs also treat some _______ symptoms of SZ.
Atypical APs are received at fewer DA receptors and occupy more D1 and D4 receptors. D1 receptors are found in the frontal cortex and implicated in negative symptoms. This explains why atypical drugs also treat some negative symptoms of SZ.
90 of 136
Evaluating AP drugs (effectiveness)
P: Research supports the effectiveness of APs in treating SZ
E: ____ found 75% given conventional APs were much improved compared to 25% given placebo. None of the patients got worse, compared to __% in placebo
P: Research supports the effectiveness of APs in treating SZ
E: ____ found 75% given conventional APs were much improved compared to 25% given placebo. None of the patients got worse, compared to __% in placebo
P: Research evidence supports the effectiveness of APs in treating SZ
E: Cole found 75% given conventional APs were much improved compared to 25% given placebo. None of the patients got worse, compared to 48% in placebo.
E: Cole found 75% given conventional APs were much improved compared to 25% given placebo. None of the patients got worse, compared to 48% in placebo.
91 of 136
E: This shows APs do have a beneficial effect. Cole's study was published in ____ and was one of the first to demonstrate that SZ can be treated through drugs. This means patients don't need to be _________ in an institution and live __________ as long as
E: This shows APs do have a beneficial effect. Cole's study was published in 1964 and was one of the first to demonstrate that SZ can be treated through drugs. This means patients don't need to be restrained in an institution and live independently as lon
92 of 136
P: Differences in effectiveness between conventional and atypical APs
E: ____ (2005) used a sample of 325 SZ patients either taking conventional or atypical drugs. Over a _ year period there were significant differences in symptoms. ____ produced fewer s
E: ____ (2005) used a sample of 325 SZ patients either taking conventional or atypical drugs. Over a _ year period there were significant differences in symptoms. ____ produced fewer s
P: Differences in effectiveness between conventional and atypical APs
E: Ravanic (2005) used a sample of 325 SZ patients either taking conventional or atypical drugs. Over a 5 year period there were significant differences in symptoms. Clozapine produced
E: Ravanic (2005) used a sample of 325 SZ patients either taking conventional or atypical drugs. Over a 5 year period there were significant differences in symptoms. Clozapine produced
93 of 136
E: Suggests ______ drugs are not only more beneficial in managing SZ symptoms, but more appropriate as they produce fewer side effects. This will increase the likelihood that patients _______ taking their medication, increasing effectiveness further.
E: Suggests atypical drugs are not only more beneficial in managing SZ symptoms, but more appropriate as they produce fewer side effects. This will increase the likelihood that patients continue taking their medication, increasing effectiveness further.
94 of 136
P: A weakness is that APs only deal with symptoms of SZ, they aren't a cure
E: Issue because when a patient stops taking medication then ____ return. It can lead to the ____ ____ effect where patients may stop taking medication because their symptoms impr
E: Issue because when a patient stops taking medication then ____ return. It can lead to the ____ ____ effect where patients may stop taking medication because their symptoms impr
P: A weakness is that APs only deal with symptoms of SZ, they aren't a cure
E: Issue because when a patient stops taking medication then symptoms will return. It can lead to the revolving door effect where patients may stop taking medication because their
E: Issue because when a patient stops taking medication then symptoms will return. It can lead to the revolving door effect where patients may stop taking medication because their
95 of 136
This often leads to a pattern of _______ readmission when symptoms return. Another issue is that because APs only treat symptoms, SZ patients have to ______ on their medication long term.
This often leads to a pattern of hospital readmission when symptoms return. Another issue is that because APs only treat symptoms, SZ patients have to remain on their medication long term.
96 of 136
P: A weakness is the issue of patient non-compliance
E: ______ (2004) found only 54% of patients comply fully with taking their medication, with 37% not complying. Could be because of unpleasant ____ ______ or because patients don't understand the _______
E: ______ (2004) found only 54% of patients comply fully with taking their medication, with 37% not complying. Could be because of unpleasant ____ ______ or because patients don't understand the _______
P: A weakness is the issue of patient non-compliance
E: Rettenbacher (2004) found only 54% of patients comply fully with taking their medication, with 37% not complying. Could be because of unpleasant side effects or because patients don't understand the
E: Rettenbacher (2004) found only 54% of patients comply fully with taking their medication, with 37% not complying. Could be because of unpleasant side effects or because patients don't understand the
97 of 136
E: If patients aren't ________ taking medication this creates a problem with effectiveness.
EXT: Some research has found compliance issues can be improved when patients are supported with psychological ________ alongside medication
EXT: Some research has found compliance issues can be improved when patients are supported with psychological ________ alongside medication
E: If patients aren't reliably taking medication this creates a problem with effectiveness.
EXT: Some research has found compliance issues can be improved when patients are supported with psychological therapies alongside medication
EXT: Some research has found compliance issues can be improved when patients are supported with psychological therapies alongside medication
98 of 136
Evaluating the ethics of APs
P: Weakness is the issue of valid consent
E: When first diagnosed with SZ or suffering from an acute episode, they may be ________ and adminstered APs without valid consent gained
P: Weakness is the issue of valid consent
E: When first diagnosed with SZ or suffering from an acute episode, they may be ________ and adminstered APs without valid consent gained
P: Weakness is the issue of valid consent
E: When first diagnosed with SZ or suffering from an acute episode, they may be detained and adminstered APs without valid consent
E: When first diagnosed with SZ or suffering from an acute episode, they may be detained and adminstered APs without valid consent
99 of 136
E: Issue because a person with psychotic illness may not have the mental ________ to give full valid consent to take medication. They may lack an understanding of the _________ and the issues in relation to ____ _______ when taking APs.
E: Issue because a person with psychotic illness may not have the mental capacity to give full valid consent to take medication. They may lack an understanding of the implications and the issues in relation to side effects when taking APs.
100 of 136
P: A weakness is that APs have serious side effects
E: Ranging from _______ to nausea, to more long term effects like ____ gain, which may lead to other health issues over time. May cause tardive _______ which affects 30% of patients, and ___________
E: Ranging from _______ to nausea, to more long term effects like ____ gain, which may lead to other health issues over time. May cause tardive _______ which affects 30% of patients, and ___________
P: Weakness is that APs have serious side effects
E: Ranging from headaches to nausea, to more long term effects like weight gain, which may lead to other health issues over time. May cause tardive dyskinesia which affects 30% of patients, and agranulocyt
E: Ranging from headaches to nausea, to more long term effects like weight gain, which may lead to other health issues over time. May cause tardive dyskinesia which affects 30% of patients, and agranulocyt
101 of 136
E: Issue because drug therapy involves providing patients with ____ _____ form of treatment which may cause them physical harm, leading to ____ ____ or serious health issues.
E: Issue because drug therapy involves providing patients with long term form of treatment which may cause them physical harm, leading to long term or serious health issues.
102 of 136
P: A strength is that AP is ethical because its effective
E: If SZ patients experience a reduction in ______, APs are an ethical way of treatment. Because of APs, many patients are now treated as ______ rather than ______ because their symptoms are contro
E: If SZ patients experience a reduction in ______, APs are an ethical way of treatment. Because of APs, many patients are now treated as ______ rather than ______ because their symptoms are contro
P: A strength is that AP is ethical because its effective
E: If SZ patients experience a reduction in symptoms, APs are an ethical way of treatment. Because of APs, many patients are now treated as outpatients rather than inpatients because their symptoms
E: If SZ patients experience a reduction in symptoms, APs are an ethical way of treatment. Because of APs, many patients are now treated as outpatients rather than inpatients because their symptoms
103 of 136
Evaluating the social implications of APs
P: A strength is APs have revolutionalised the treatment of SZ
E: Before the 1950s, over ____ of those admitted to hospital and diagnosed with SZ remained there for the rest of their lives. ____ (1998) found only
P: A strength is APs have revolutionalised the treatment of SZ
E: Before the 1950s, over ____ of those admitted to hospital and diagnosed with SZ remained there for the rest of their lives. ____ (1998) found only
P: A strength is APs have revolutionalised the treatment of SZ
E: Before the 1950s, over half of those admitted to hospital and diagnosed with SZ remained there for the rest of their lives. Frude (1998) found only 3% of 300,000 in UK are in hospitals
E: Before the 1950s, over half of those admitted to hospital and diagnosed with SZ remained there for the rest of their lives. Frude (1998) found only 3% of 300,000 in UK are in hospitals
104 of 136
E: APs have significant social benefits in reducing the _____ of SZ to society, allowing people to live outside ______, reducing _____ of hospital care, SZ patients can get into ____ and contribute to economy. APs offer a ____ and effective way of managin
P: APs have signifcant social benefits in reducing the costs of SZ to society, allowing people to live outside institutions, reducing costs of hospital care, SZ patients can get back into work and contribute to economy. APs offer a cheap and effective way
105 of 136
EXT: it could be questioned whether these drugs really are cost effective, due to ____ ______ this may create further health problems, which require __________ and _________, leading to hidden costs of treatment
EXT: it could be questioned whether these drugs really are cost effective, due to side effects this may create further health problems, which require intervention and treatment, leading to hidden costs of treatment.
106 of 136
P: A weakness is that non-compliance poses a risk of violence and suicide
E: The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide (NCISH) report ___ homicides have been committed by people with a history of SZ between ____ and ____. __% non-complia
E: The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide (NCISH) report ___ homicides have been committed by people with a history of SZ between ____ and ____. __% non-complia
P: A weakness is that non-compliance poses a risk of violence and suicide
E: The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide (NCISH) report 346 homicide have been committed by people with a history of SZ between 2003 and 2013. 29% non-complian
E: The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide (NCISH) report 346 homicide have been committed by people with a history of SZ between 2003 and 2013. 29% non-complian
107 of 136
E: Demonstrates risk to society that comens with allowing people to live outside ___________ due to drug therapy. But it's important to notice that non-compliance is a ____ factor and doesn't automatically lead to ______.
E: Demonstrates risk to society that comes with allowing people to live outside institutions due to drug therapy. But it's important to notice that non-compliance is a risk factor and doesn't atuomatically lead to violence.
108 of 136
Method of modifying 2: CBT
SZ patients have ________ internal mental processes such as hallucinations and delusions. CBT helps them change these. CBT helps them become aware of the link between their ________ processes and their illness.
SZ patients have ________ internal mental processes such as hallucinations and delusions. CBT helps them change these. CBT helps them become aware of the link between their ________ processes and their illness.
SZ patients have irrational internal mental processes such as hallucinations and delusions. CBT helps them change these. CBT helps them become aware of the link between their thought processes and their illness.
109 of 136
The aim of CBT is to help reduce _______ symptoms, and some _______ symptoms. To help the patient become more self-______ in dealing with their illness. To reduce the chances of ______. What are the 5 main components to using CBT that Laura Smith (2003) p
The aim of CBT is to help reduce positive symptoms, and some negative symptoms. To help the patient become more self-reliant in dealing with their illness. To reduce the chances of relapse. Engagement strategies, psycho-education, cognitive strategies, be
110 of 136
Engagement strategies:
Create a _______ with the client, and discuss any ______ the client may have about CBT. This is essential if the client is in a ________ state and the therapist needs to gain their trust.
Create a _______ with the client, and discuss any ______ the client may have about CBT. This is essential if the client is in a ________ state and the therapist needs to gain their trust.
Creates a rapport with the client, and discuss any worries the client may have about CBT. This is essential if the client is in a paranoid state and the therapist needs to gain their trust.
111 of 136
Psycho-education:
Educates the patient on their _________ and aims to normalise these. Eg. therapist identifies the _______ why hallucinations occur and help __________ them. Therapist also helps them understand the ___________ their symptoms occur
Educates the patient on their _________ and aims to normalise these. Eg. therapist identifies the _______ why hallucinations occur and help __________ them. Therapist also helps them understand the ___________ their symptoms occur
Educates the patient on their symptoms and aims to normalise these. Eg. therapist identifies the reasons why hallucinations occur and help decatasrophise them. Therapist also helps them understand the circumstances their symptoms occur and links them to p
112 of 136
Cognitive strategies:
teaches the patient to challenge disorganised thoughts by ________ _________ where the patient finds evidence for delusions/hallucinations. When unable to find this they restructure beliefs into more _______ ones.
teaches the patient to challenge disorganised thoughts by ________ _________ where the patient finds evidence for delusions/hallucinations. When unable to find this they restructure beliefs into more _______ ones.
Teaches the patient to challenge disorganised thoughts by empirical disputation where the patient finds evidence for delusions/hallucinations. When unable to find this they restructure their beliefs into more rational ones.
113 of 136
Behavioural skills:
Teaches the patient behaviours to help manage symptoms eg. pleasant _______ _________. These skills not only help manage symptoms that haven't been treated with __________, but also help with _________ symptoms like anxiety.
Teaches the patient behaviours to help manage symptoms eg. pleasant _______ _________. These skills not only help manage symptoms that haven't been treated with __________, but also help with _________ symptoms like anxiety.
Teaches the patient behaviours to help manage symptoms eg. pleasant activity scheduling. These skills not only help manage symptoms that haven't been fully treated with medication, but also help with secondary symptoms like anxiety.
114 of 136
Relapse prevention:
Taught strategies to identify early signs of _______ and make a plan of action if ________ return.
Taught strategies to identify early signs of _______ and make a plan of action if ________ return.
Taught strategies to identify early signs of relapse and make a plan of action if symptoms return.
115 of 136
Evaluating effectiveness of CBT
P: Strength is research evidence suggests CBT is effective in treating SZ
E: ______ (1997) investigated the use of CBT with 60 individuals with positive symptoms of SZ that were medication resistant
P: Strength is research evidence suggests CBT is effective in treating SZ
E: ______ (1997) investigated the use of CBT with 60 individuals with positive symptoms of SZ that were medication resistant
P: Research evidence suggests CBT is effective in treating SZ
E: Kuipers (1997) investigated the use of CBT with 60 individuals with positive symptoms of SZ that were medication resistant
E: Kuipers (1997) investigated the use of CBT with 60 individuals with positive symptoms of SZ that were medication resistant
116 of 136
E: Found that __% of patients given CBT benefitted in a reduction of symptoms while only __% in standard care benefitted
E: Found that 50% of patients given CBT benefitted in a reduction of symptoms while only 31% in standard care benefitted
117 of 136
E: Suggests CBT can be effective for those who don't respond to ____ therapy, so it's a practical alternative to __________ therapies. However, 50% didn't benefit so CBT isn't effective for everyone and other therapies need to be considered.
E: Suggests CBT can be effective for those who don't respond to drug therapy, so it's a practical alternative to biological therapies. However, 50% didn't benefit so CBT isn't effective for everyone and other therapies need to be considered.
118 of 136
P: Weakness is that CBT may not be effective for everyone as it requires _________ and motivation from the patient
E: ______ reported 45% of his sample refused to cooperate with a CBT programme and dropped out
E: ______ reported 45% of his sample refused to cooperate with a CBT programme and dropped out
P: Weakness is that CBT may not be effective for everyone as it requires commitment and motivation from the patient
E: Tarrier reported 45% of his sample refused to cooperate with a CBT programme and dropped out
E: Tarrier reported 45% of his sample refused to cooperate with a CBT programme and dropped out
119 of 136
E: CBT isn't appropriate for all patients as it requires time and ______, which an SZ patient may not have the _________ to fully engage with CBT
E: CBT isn't appropriate for all patients as it requires time and effort. An SZ patient may not have the capabilities to fully engage with CBT.
120 of 136
P: Weakness is CBT is effective only in the short-term
E: ______ (2004) studied those who either received CBT shortly after diagnosis or standard care. __ months later the CBT group had the same ______ rates as the standard care group.
E: ______ (2004) studied those who either received CBT shortly after diagnosis or standard care. __ months later the CBT group had the same ______ rates as the standard care group.
P: Weakness is CBT is effective only in the short-term
E: Tarrier (2004) studied those who either received CBT shortly after diagnosis or standard care. 18 months later the CBT group had the same relapse rates as the standard care group.
E: Tarrier (2004) studied those who either received CBT shortly after diagnosis or standard care. 18 months later the CBT group had the same relapse rates as the standard care group.
121 of 136
E: Suggests CBT isn't an effective long-term treatment.
EXT: Symptoms that returned were less ______ than standard care group, so CBT may have had some long term benefits in reducing _______
EXT: Symptoms that returned were less ______ than standard care group, so CBT may have had some long term benefits in reducing _______
E: Suggests CBT isn't an effective long-term treatment
EXT: Symptoms that returned were less severe than standard care group, so CBT may have had some long term benefits in reducing symptoms.
EXT: Symptoms that returned were less severe than standard care group, so CBT may have had some long term benefits in reducing symptoms.
122 of 136
P: A weakness is that effectiveness of CBT is partly due to how good the therapist is
E: _______ and _______ (2009) claimed up to 15% variance in success of CBT is attributable to therapist competence, such as planning _______ and making a good _________
E: _______ and _______ (2009) claimed up to 15% variance in success of CBT is attributable to therapist competence, such as planning _______ and making a good _________
P: A weakness is that effectiveness of CBT is partly due to how good the therapist is
E: Kuyken and Tsivrikos (2009) claimed up to 15% variance in success of CBT is attributabl to therapist competence, such as planning sessions and making a good relations
E: Kuyken and Tsivrikos (2009) claimed up to 15% variance in success of CBT is attributabl to therapist competence, such as planning sessions and making a good relations
123 of 136
E: Difficult to claim CBT is or isn't effective. It's success is partly due to individual differences such as the ___________ between the therapist and client.
E: Difficult to claim CBT is or isn't effective. It's success is partly due to individual differences such as the relationship between the therapist and client.
124 of 136
Ethical issues of CBT
P: A strength of CBT is that it avoids the chemical straitjacket that drugs impose
E: CBT gives the patient control over ________ rather than taking drugs which take over ____ ____
P: A strength of CBT is that it avoids the chemical straitjacket that drugs impose
E: CBT gives the patient control over ________ rather than taking drugs which take over ____ ____
P: A strength of CBT is that it avoids the chemical straitjacket that drugs impose
E: CBT gives the patient control over thoughtes rather than taking drugs which take over free will.
E: CBT gives the patient control over thoughtes rather than taking drugs which take over free will.
125 of 136
E: Can be argued CBT is an ethical method of modifying SZ, more than __________
EXT: However the patient needs to be _________ to engage in CBT and have the __________ to practice the techniques involved such as empirical disputation
EXT: However the patient needs to be _________ to engage in CBT and have the __________ to practice the techniques involved such as empirical disputation
E: Can be argued CBT is an ethical method of modifying SZ, more than antipsychotics
EXT: However the patient needs to be motivated to engage in CBT and have the capabilities to practice the techniques involved such as empirical disputation
EXT: However the patient needs to be motivated to engage in CBT and have the capabilities to practice the techniques involved such as empirical disputation
126 of 136
P: A strength is that CBT has no side effects
E: Because it's a ___________ therapy, doesn't make any physical changes to the patient
E: Ethical benefits of CBT as there is no potential physical _____ costs to the patient
E: Because it's a ___________ therapy, doesn't make any physical changes to the patient
E: Ethical benefits of CBT as there is no potential physical _____ costs to the patient
P: A strength is that CBT has no side effects
E: Because it's a psychological therapy, doesn't make any physical changes to the patient
E: Ethical benefits of CBT as there is no potential physical health costs to the patient
E: Because it's a psychological therapy, doesn't make any physical changes to the patient
E: Ethical benefits of CBT as there is no potential physical health costs to the patient
127 of 136
EXT: Can be argued that __________ is vital to allow SZ patients to monitor and change their thinking. Therefore CBT needs to be used alongside _____ therapy, meaning that ____ _____ may be an issue
EXT: Can be argued that medication is vital to allow SZ patients to monitor and change their thinking. Therefore CBT needs to be used alongside drug therapy, meaning that side effects may be an issue.
128 of 136
P: Strength of CBT is patients are satisfied it's ethical
E: _______ (1997) reported clients were generally satisfied with their CBT experience, thinking it was an appropriate way to deal with their ________
E: _______ (1997) reported clients were generally satisfied with their CBT experience, thinking it was an appropriate way to deal with their ________
P: Strength of CBT is patients are satisfied it's ethical
E: Kuipers (1997) reported clients were generally satisfied with their CBT experience, thinking it was an appropriate way to deal with their symptoms.
E: Kuipers (1997) reported clients were generally satisfied with their CBT experience, thinking it was an appropriate way to deal with their symptoms.
129 of 136
E: CBT is an appropriate treatment for SZ patients
EXT: Can be argued that some patients find CBT _________, such as empirical disputation. CBT may lead to patient _____, for example their symptoms are due to their thought processes
EXT: Can be argued that some patients find CBT _________, such as empirical disputation. CBT may lead to patient _____, for example their symptoms are due to their thought processes
E: CBT is an appropriate treatment for SZ patients
EXT: Can be argued that some patients find CBT distressing, such as empirical disputation. CBT may lead to patient blame, for example their symptoms are due to their thought processes.
EXT: Can be argued that some patients find CBT distressing, such as empirical disputation. CBT may lead to patient blame, for example their symptoms are due to their thought processes.
130 of 136
Social implications of CBT
P: Strength that CBT is cost-effective
E: _______ (1998) analysed the economic impact of CBT alongside APs, reported costs in delivering CBT are ______ by reduced use of services in the future. Suggests CBT is cost effective for
P: Strength that CBT is cost-effective
E: _______ (1998) analysed the economic impact of CBT alongside APs, reported costs in delivering CBT are ______ by reduced use of services in the future. Suggests CBT is cost effective for
P: Strength that CBT is cost-effective
E: Kuipers (1998) analysed the economic impact of CBT alongside APs, reported costs in delivering CBT are offset by reduced use of services in the future. Suggests CBT is effective for society.
E: Kuipers (1998) analysed the economic impact of CBT alongside APs, reported costs in delivering CBT are offset by reduced use of services in the future. Suggests CBT is effective for society.
131 of 136
E: However budgets given to healthcare trusts only allow for the trust to deal with ______ ____. They aren't flexible enough to allow the balancing of ____ and ____ term costs, meaning most patients may not be offered CBT due to its initial _______.
E: However budgets given to healthcare trusts only allow for the trust to deal with urgent care. They aren't flexible enough to allow the balancing of short and long term costs, meaning most patients may not be offered CBT due to its inital expense.
132 of 136
P: A strength is that CBT has allowed patients to live outside institutions
E: CBT teaches the patient skills to manage their symptoms, such as __________ skills and _________ prevention strategies
E: CBT teaches the patient skills to manage their symptoms, such as __________ skills and _________ prevention strategies
P: A strength is that CBT has allowed patients to live outside institutions
E: CBT teaches the patients skills to manage their symptoms, such as behavioural skills and relapse prevention strategies
E: CBT teaches the patients skills to manage their symptoms, such as behavioural skills and relapse prevention strategies
133 of 136
E: CBT has significant benefits to the individual in helping them live ____________ and relatively normal in comparison to institutionalisation
E: CBT has significant benefits to the individual in helping them live independently and relatively normal in comparison to institutionalisation
134 of 136
P: A weakness is that CBT isn't being offered to all patients by NHS trusts
E: The National _____ found there is a significant variation in the amount of people being offered CBT depending on the _____ they are in.
E: The National _____ found there is a significant variation in the amount of people being offered CBT depending on the _____ they are in.
P: A weakness is that CBT isn't being offered to all patients by NHS trusts
E: The National Audit found there is a significant variation in the amount of people being offered CBT depending on the trust they are in
E: The National Audit found there is a significant variation in the amount of people being offered CBT depending on the trust they are in
135 of 136
E: Suggesting serious social _______ in the treatment of SZ, whether a person is offered CBT becomes a 'postcode _______' based on where they live and their NHS trust resources
E: Suggesting serious social inequality in the treatment of SZ, whether a person is offered CBT becomes a 'postcode lottery' based on where they live and their NHS trust resources.
136 of 136
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Positive symptoms: any change in behaviour or thoughts that appear to reflect an ______ or _______ of normal function.
What are the 3 positive symptoms?
What are the 3 positive symptoms?
Back
Positive symptoms; any change in behaviour which that appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal function.
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Catatonic behaviour
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Catatonic behaviour
Card 3
Front
Hallucinations:
Sensory __________ that aren't real. ________ hallucinations eg. hearing voices. _____ hallucinations eg. seeing things. _____ hallucinations eg. feeling someone touch them. _______ hallucinations eg. smelling things
Sensory __________ that aren't real. ________ hallucinations eg. hearing voices. _____ hallucinations eg. seeing things. _____ hallucinations eg. feeling someone touch them. _______ hallucinations eg. smelling things
Back
Card 4
Front
Delusions:
A ______ that isn't real but held with conviction. People develop a delusional idea to explain a ___________ they are having. There are delusions of ________ eg. being chased. Or delusions of ________ eg. believing they are powerful or god
A ______ that isn't real but held with conviction. People develop a delusional idea to explain a ___________ they are having. There are delusions of ________ eg. being chased. Or delusions of ________ eg. believing they are powerful or god
Back
Card 5
Front
Delusions may also involve experiences of _______ eg. believing people are inserting thoughts into your mind
Back
Similar Psychology resources:
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
1.0 / 5 based on 7 ratings
0.0 / 5
3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made