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6. "clubbing" of the fingers is a response to:

  • chronic hypoxemia
  • acute hyperventilation in response to metabolic acidosis
  • chronic dry hacking cough
  • CO2 retention and acidosis

7. contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles:

  • stimulates the phrenic and intercostal muscles
  • is responsible for inhalation
  • causes air to move out of the lungs
  • decreases thoracic volume

8. which of the following respiratory tubes are primarily composed of smooth muscle and determine the flow of air to the alveoli?

  • nares
  • bronchioles
  • trachea
  • bronchi

9. which of the following structures controls respirations?

  • medulla oblongata
  • postcentral gyrus
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system

10. what is the transport mechanism necessary for the movement of oxygen from the alveoli across the pulmonary capillary membranes into the blood?

  • facilitated transport
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • active transport

11. dyspnea means:

  • pneumonia
  • "puffed up" alveoli
  • difficulty breathing
  • cyanosis

12. how is most oxygen transported through the blood?

  • as a surfactant
  • as a lysozyme
  • attached to hemoglobin
  • as bicarbonate

13. a tracheostomy is performed in order to:

  • ensure and open airway
  • humidify inhaled air
  • administer high dose oxygen into the laryngopharynx
  • introduce food and water into the esophagus and stomach

14. across which structure(s) does most gas exchange occur?

  • bronchus
  • trachea
  • alveoli
  • bronchioles

15. which of the following best describes the visceral and parietal pleura?

  • are serous membranes that line the pleural cavity
  • line the inner wall of the trachea and bronchi
  • line the meadiastinum
  • are surfactant-secreting membranes

16. most CO2 is transported in the blood:

  • as bicarbonate
  • by megakaryocytes
  • loosley bound to the iron molecule in heme
  • by the hemoglobin, as carbaminohemoglobin

17. the respiratory passages are lined with:

  • mucous membrane
  • pleura
  • serous membrane
  • muscle

18. the collection of mucus in the lower airways is most likely to cause:

  • laryngospasm
  • pharyngitis
  • atelectasis
  • pneumothorax

19. which of the following contributes to the wheezing of asthma?

  • inflammation of the trachea and pharynx
  • constriction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle
  • edema of the esophagus
  • pneumothorax

20. which of the following is the major regulator of respiratory activity?

  • PO2
  • albumin
  • PCO2
  • bicarbonate