RESEARCH METHODS
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- Created by: lozza5674
- Created on: 21-05-24 18:46
AIMS + HYPOTHESIS:
-General statement of what the researcher intends to investigate.
-Aims are developed from theories.
DIRECTIONAL- States THE difference between variables.
NON-DIRECTIONAL- States their IS a difference between variables.
-General statement of what the researcher intends to investigate.
-Aims are developed from theories.
DIRECTIONAL- States THE difference between variables.
NON-DIRECTIONAL- States their IS a difference between variables.
VARIABLES:
-Anything that can change within an investigation.
-IV= manipulated.
-DV= measured.
-CV= Stays the same.
-Anything that can change within an investigation.
-IV= manipulated.
-DV= measured.
-CV= Stays the same.
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CONTROLLING VARIABLES:
-EXTRANEOUS=Any variable other than IV that will effect the DV if not controlled.
-CONFOUNDING=Any variable other than IV that affected the DV.
-DEMAND CHARACTERSITICS= pets guess aim and act accordingly.
-INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS= Inv
-EXTRANEOUS=Any variable other than IV that will effect the DV if not controlled.
-CONFOUNDING=Any variable other than IV that affected the DV.
-DEMAND CHARACTERSITICS= pets guess aim and act accordingly.
-INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS= Inv
CONTROLLING VARIABLES (2):
-RANDOMISATION= Use of chance to avoid bias.
-STANDARDISATION= using same formalised procedures for all participants.
-RANDOMISATION= Use of chance to avoid bias.
-STANDARDISATION= using same formalised procedures for all participants.
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REPEATED MEASURES:
-All pets take part in all conditions.
+Removes individual differences.
+Less ppts needed.
-Order effects.
-Demand characteristics.
-All pets take part in all conditions.
+Removes individual differences.
+Less ppts needed.
-Order effects.
-Demand characteristics.
MATCHED PAIRS:
-ppts paired due to a relevant variable, ppt1 in condition 1 and ppt 2 in condition 2.
+Reduction of order effects and demand characteristics.
-Ppts never matched accurately.
-Time consuming
-ppts paired due to a relevant variable, ppt1 in condition 1 and ppt 2 in condition 2.
+Reduction of order effects and demand characteristics.
-Ppts never matched accurately.
-Time consuming
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INDEPENDANT GROUPS:
-Two separate groups, two separate conditions.
+No order effects.
-Individual differences.
-Two separate groups, two separate conditions.
+No order effects.
-Individual differences.
LAB EXPERIMENT:
-Controlled environment, IV manipulated and effects on DV recorded.
+High control of extraneous variables= high internal validity.
+Easily replicated.
-Lacks generalisability= low external validity.
-Low mundane realism= not like real-lif
-Controlled environment, IV manipulated and effects on DV recorded.
+High control of extraneous variables= high internal validity.
+Easily replicated.
-Lacks generalisability= low external validity.
-Low mundane realism= not like real-lif
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FIELD EXPERIMENT:
-Natural setting, IV manipulated and effects on DV recorded.
+Higher mundane realism= High external validity.
-Less control of extraneous variables.
-Ethical issues- Deception.
-Natural setting, IV manipulated and effects on DV recorded.
+Higher mundane realism= High external validity.
-Less control of extraneous variables.
-Ethical issues- Deception.
NATURAL EXPERIMENT:
-Change of IV is natural and would've occurred with the absence of researcher.
+High external validity= Studies real-life issues.
-Rare opportunity.
-Change of IV is natural and would've occurred with the absence of researcher.
+High external validity= Studies real-life issues.
-Rare opportunity.
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QUASI EXPERIMENT:
-IV based on an existing difference between people.
+Controlled conditions= High internal validity.
-Cannot randomly allocate due to confounding variables.
-IV based on an existing difference between people.
+Controlled conditions= High internal validity.
-Cannot randomly allocate due to confounding variables.
RANDOM SAMPLING:
-Lottery method.
-Pick a name from a hat.
+No researcher bias.
-Time consuming.
-May lack representativeness.
-Lottery method.
-Pick a name from a hat.
+No researcher bias.
-Time consuming.
-May lack representativeness.
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STRATIFIED SAMPLING:
-Represents each subgroup in the population.
-Random sampling to allocate strata
+Avoids researcher bias.
+Representative.
-Cannot reflect every subgroup.
-Represents each subgroup in the population.
-Random sampling to allocate strata
+Avoids researcher bias.
+Representative.
-Cannot reflect every subgroup.
OPPORTUNITY SAMPLE:
-Selecting anybody willing and available to do the study.
+Convient and cheaper.
-Unrepresentative.
-Researcher bias.
-Selecting anybody willing and available to do the study.
+Convient and cheaper.
-Unrepresentative.
-Researcher bias.
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VOLUNTEER SAMPLE:
-People self selecting themselves.
+Easy
-Volunteer bias.
-People self selecting themselves.
+Easy
-Volunteer bias.
INFORMED CONSENT:
-Ppts should know what they are getting into.
-Ppts should know the aim, procedures, have the right to withdraw and what their data will be used for.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Ppts should receive a letter with all details and a signature.
-Unde
-Ppts should know what they are getting into.
-Ppts should know the aim, procedures, have the right to withdraw and what their data will be used for.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Ppts should receive a letter with all details and a signature.
-Unde
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DECEPTION:
-Deliberatley withholding or misleading information from ppts.
-Deception can be justified with demand characteristics.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Right to withdraw.
-Full debrief.
-Deliberatley withholding or misleading information from ppts.
-Deception can be justified with demand characteristics.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Right to withdraw.
-Full debrief.
PROTECTION FROM HARM:
-Right to withdraw.
-Ppts shouldn't be psychologically or psychically harmed.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Reassurance
-Councelling
-Right to withdraw.
-Ppts shouldn't be psychologically or psychically harmed.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Reassurance
-Councelling
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PRIVACY + CONFIDENTIALITY:
-Right to control information about themselves.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Personal details remaining anonymous.
-Ppts should be reminded constantly that their data will be protected.
-Right to control information about themselves.
DEALING WITH IT:
-Personal details remaining anonymous.
-Ppts should be reminded constantly that their data will be protected.
PILOT STUDY:
-Small scale study before large study to test whether changes need to be made.
SINGLE BLIND- Ppts do not know aim but researcher does.
DOUBLE BLIND- Ppts and researcher do not know aims of the study.
-Small scale study before large study to test whether changes need to be made.
SINGLE BLIND- Ppts do not know aim but researcher does.
DOUBLE BLIND- Ppts and researcher do not know aims of the study.
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CONTROL GROUPS:
-Compared to an experimental group.
-If CG and EG behaviour vary, it can be blamed on the IV.
-Compared to an experimental group.
-If CG and EG behaviour vary, it can be blamed on the IV.
NATURALISTIC:
-Recording/ watching behaviour in a way it would normally occur.
+High external validity.
-Difficult to replicate.
-Uncontrolled extranous variables.
CONTROLLED:
-Recording/Watching behaviour in a structured environment with manipulation of
-Recording/ watching behaviour in a way it would normally occur.
+High external validity.
-Difficult to replicate.
-Uncontrolled extranous variables.
CONTROLLED:
-Recording/Watching behaviour in a structured environment with manipulation of
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COVERT: Ppts unaware they are being observed.
+Removes demand characteristics.
-Ethical issues- deception.
OVERT: Ppts aware they are being observed.
+More ethical.
-Demand characteristics.
+Removes demand characteristics.
-Ethical issues- deception.
OVERT: Ppts aware they are being observed.
+More ethical.
-Demand characteristics.
PARTICIPANT: Researcher becomes a part of the group.
+Increased insight.
-Researcher bias and lose objectivity
NON-PARTICIPANT: Researcher remains outside of the group.
+ Objectivity remains.
-Loss of insight.
+Increased insight.
-Researcher bias and lose objectivity
NON-PARTICIPANT: Researcher remains outside of the group.
+ Objectivity remains.
-Loss of insight.
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STRUCTURED OBSERVATION: Pre-determined coding (Quantitative)
+Easy data collection
+More systematic.
- Only produces numerical data.
UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION: No checklist (Qualitative)
+More in-depth data.
-Observer bias
+Easy data collection
+More systematic.
- Only produces numerical data.
UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION: No checklist (Qualitative)
+More in-depth data.
-Observer bias
EVENT SAMPLING: Counting no of times a particular behaviour occurs.
+Useful when target behaviour is infrequent.
-May be too complex.
TIME SAMPLING: Recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame.
+Reduces no of observations made.
-Unrepresentati
+Useful when target behaviour is infrequent.
-May be too complex.
TIME SAMPLING: Recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame.
+Reduces no of observations made.
-Unrepresentati
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CORRELATIONS:
-Checks to see if two sets of numbers are related.
-Correlation co-efficient (-1=negative) (+1=positive)
+ Useful to find a link between socially sensitive topics.
-Do not identify cause of link.
-Checks to see if two sets of numbers are related.
-Correlation co-efficient (-1=negative) (+1=positive)
+ Useful to find a link between socially sensitive topics.
-Do not identify cause of link.
STANDARD DEVIATION: How much scores deviate from mean.
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GRAPHS + DISTRIBUTIONS:
TABLES- Raw scores converted to statistics.
BAR CHARTS- Categorical data for clear comparison.
SCATTERGRAMS- Strength and direction of relationship between co-variables.
HISTOGRAMS-Both variables have numerical data.
NORMAL DISTRIB
TABLES- Raw scores converted to statistics.
BAR CHARTS- Categorical data for clear comparison.
SCATTERGRAMS- Strength and direction of relationship between co-variables.
HISTOGRAMS-Both variables have numerical data.
NORMAL DISTRIB
PEER REVIEW:
-Review from specialists to determine quality for publication.
Publish,Validity,Appropriate,Significant,Originality.
AIMS: Funding, validation, improvements.
EVALUATION:Publication bias.
-Review from specialists to determine quality for publication.
Publish,Validity,Appropriate,Significant,Originality.
AIMS: Funding, validation, improvements.
EVALUATION:Publication bias.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
CONTROLLING VARIABLES (2):
-RANDOMISATION= Use of chance to avoid bias.
-STANDARDISATION= using same formalised procedures for all participants.
-RANDOMISATION= Use of chance to avoid bias.
-STANDARDISATION= using same formalised procedures for all participants.
Back
CONTROLLING VARIABLES:
-EXTRANEOUS=Any variable other than IV that will effect the DV if not controlled.
-CONFOUNDING=Any variable other than IV that affected the DV.
-DEMAND CHARACTERSITICS= pets guess aim and act accordingly.
-INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS= Inv
-EXTRANEOUS=Any variable other than IV that will effect the DV if not controlled.
-CONFOUNDING=Any variable other than IV that affected the DV.
-DEMAND CHARACTERSITICS= pets guess aim and act accordingly.
-INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS= Inv
Card 3
Front
MATCHED PAIRS:
-ppts paired due to a relevant variable, ppt1 in condition 1 and ppt 2 in condition 2.
+Reduction of order effects and demand characteristics.
-Ppts never matched accurately.
-Time consuming
-ppts paired due to a relevant variable, ppt1 in condition 1 and ppt 2 in condition 2.
+Reduction of order effects and demand characteristics.
-Ppts never matched accurately.
-Time consuming
Back

Card 4
Front
LAB EXPERIMENT:
-Controlled environment, IV manipulated and effects on DV recorded.
+High control of extraneous variables= high internal validity.
+Easily replicated.
-Lacks generalisability= low external validity.
-Low mundane realism= not like real-lif
-Controlled environment, IV manipulated and effects on DV recorded.
+High control of extraneous variables= high internal validity.
+Easily replicated.
-Lacks generalisability= low external validity.
-Low mundane realism= not like real-lif
Back

Card 5
Front
NATURAL EXPERIMENT:
-Change of IV is natural and would've occurred with the absence of researcher.
+High external validity= Studies real-life issues.
-Rare opportunity.
-Change of IV is natural and would've occurred with the absence of researcher.
+High external validity= Studies real-life issues.
-Rare opportunity.
Back

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