Physics-(GCSE) Winter term (Yr.10)
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- Created by: lizzie.0602
- Created on: 11-09-17 17:28
what are the eight forms of energy ?
gravitational potential, electrostatic, elastic potential, kinetic, thermal, magnetic, chemical, nuclear
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what are the four types of energy transfer ?
mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation/waves
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what is energy transfer by radiation/waves ?
the transfer of energy by light or sound waves eg. light from the sun
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what is energy transfer by heating ?
energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler object eg. heating a pan of water on the hob
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what is the law of conservation of energy ?
that energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can only be transferred and stored in different ways
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what is infared radiation ?
a fancy word for heat waves, they are a special type of wave which does not require particles to move
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explain conduction in metals
the free electrons gain energy and start to move faster and collide with more electrons passing their energy onto other particles causing them to heat up
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explain conductions in glass
there are no free electrons in glass so it takes a long time for it to heat up by the paticles starting to gain more energy and then vibrating more vigorously causing the other particles to gain more energy until the glass has heated up
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what surfaces are the best emitting IR radiation ?
dark matt surfaces are better than shiny light surfaces at emitting IR radiation
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what surfaces are the best at absorbing IR radiation ?
dark matt surfaces are the best absorbers of IR radiation
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explain convection
when air particles are heated they rise because they are less dense, then when they have cooled back down they sink to the ground as cold air particles are more dense, this carries on going round until the air is heated
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what is it happening when an object is being moved by a force ?
work (remember not work done!)
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what is the equation for work done ?
work done= force*distance moved in direction of force
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what is work done measured in ?
Joules (J)
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what is work done ?
the amount of energy transferred, (energy transfer)
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what is an independent variable ?
the thing you change every time
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what is a dependent variable ?
the thing you measure
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what is a control variable ?
the thing you keep the same everytime
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what is specific heat capacity ?
the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a 1kg substance by one degree
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what is the best substance which stores heat ?
water
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what is the equation relating energy to specific heat capacity ?
energy transferred(work done) * mass of substance* the change of temperature
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what does an ammeter measure ? how is it connected in a circuit ?
measures current, in series
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what does a voltmeter measure ? how is it connected in a circuit ?
measures voltage how much energy the current is carrying, in parallel
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what is the formula for working out the amount of energy ? refer to triangle
mass*specific heat capacity*change in temperature triangle :
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what is the symbol for change ? the symbol for change in temperature ?
a triangle, theta
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what does it mean if a substance has a high specific heat capacity ?
that a substance requires a lot of energy to raise the temperature and then takes a long time to cool down
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how can we reduce unwanted energy transfers in our home ?
by using draught excluders to try and prevent unwanted convection, double glazing to stop convection and conduction, curtains to help prevent conduction
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where does heat get lost in our houses ?
windows, under doors, through the roof, install radiators with shiny foil behind
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what is power ?
the rate of energy transfer or rate of doing work (work done)
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what is power a measure of ?
how quickly energy is transferred
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what is the formula for power ?
power= energy transferred/ time (TIME HAS TO BE IN SECONDS) Triangle:
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what is the formula for efficiency ?
useful energy out/ total energy in
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what are some examples of energy being wasted ?
friction between moving parts generates heat, resistance of wire causes wire to get hot as current passes through it
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how can we reduce the amount of friction between moving parts ?
use smoother materials and some sort of lubricant
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how can we reduce the amount of heat energy which is wasted through wires ?
by using thicker wire to reduce your resistance
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how can we reduce air resistance on a moving object ?
by making the object more streamlined
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how can we reduce the wasted energy on the sound created by machinery ?
lubricate part of the machine
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what is the equation for working out gravitational potential energy ?
mass (kg) *gravitational field strength (9.8/ Newtons/kg) * height (m)
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what stores kinetic energy ?
anything that is moving, the kinetic energy store changes when the object speeds up or slows down
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what is the equation for kinetic energy ?
0.5*mass*speed squared (metres per second)
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what is volosity ?
a fancy word for speed
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what is the equation to work out volosity ?
Ek / 0.5* mass then square root that answer
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what happens to the energy stores when you drop an object (right from the start) ?
the object starts with gravitational potential then as soon as the object starts falling that energy turns into a kinetic energy store and the just before the object hits the ground turns back into a gravitational potential energy store
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what is the relation between GPE and Ek ?
energy lost from GPE store = energy gained in Ek store
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what is the equation to work out elastic potential energy ?
0.5*spring constant * (extension) squared
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what is the spring constant measured in ?
n/m newtons per metre
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how does making electricity by using steam work ?
the burning of the fuel heats water in a boiler producing steam, the steam drives the turbine, the turbine turns on an electricity generator, electricity is produced
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what are the energy stores used during this process ?
chemical energy store, heat energy store, kinetic energy store
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what is wrong with fossil fuels ?
they are non-renewable, they cannot be produced as quickly as they are used
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what are the advantages of fossil fuel power stations ?
cost effective, easily available, low running cost
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what are the disadvantages of fossil fuel power stations ?
carbon dioxide is produced-global warming, sulfur dioxide- acid rain, non renewable
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how is solar energy collected ? advantages, disadvantages ?
generates electric currents from the suns radiation, no carbon dioxide produced, running costs almost nil; very expensive initially, lots of energy needed to be manufactured in the first place
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how is tidal energy collected ? advantages, disadvantages ?
generates electricity using water waves, no carbon dioxide produced, no fuel costs and minimal running costs; they disturb the sea bed, fairly unreliable if there are no waves
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how is geothermal energy collected ? advantages, disadvantages ?
uses thermal energy stores from hot underground rocks to generate electricity, very little impact on the environment, free energy; not very many suitable locations, costs of building are very high
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how is wind energy collected ? advantages, disadvantages ?
the wind turns the blades inside the turbine which turns the generator, no carbon dioxide produced, no fuel costs and minimal running cost; ruin the views, very noisy
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how is hydroelectric energy collected ? advantages, disadvantages ?
energy is generated through the flooding of a valley and building a dam to slowly let the water pass through which passes through turbines, no carbon dioxide produced, provides energy on demand; flooding of a valley leads to rotting of vegetation
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how is bio fuels energy collected ? advantages, disadvantages ?
things such as plants and animal dung are burnt to produce energy, its renewable; cost is very high, slow process to make the energy
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what does internal energy mean ?
its the total energy that an objects particles have in their kinetic energy store and other potential energy stores
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what increases the internal energy stores ?
heating which then leads to a change in temperature that depends on the specific heat capacity of an object
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how do changes of state happen to do with particles ?
the particles gain enough energy in their kinetic energy store to break the bonds holding them together
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what are the changes of state processes called ?
melting-evaporation-condensing-freezing- sublimation(from a solid straight into a gas)
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what type of change is a change of state ?
a physical change as its the exact same substance just in different form
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when does the internal energy of a substance decrease ?
when the substance condenses or freezes because bonds are formed which releases energy but the temperature doesnt change state until the substance has completely changed state
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what happens to mass when the substance changes state ?
the mass is conserved and stays the same
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when melting or evaporating what happens to the particles ?
they gain energy so they can break the bonds
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when condensing or freezing what happens to the particles ?
they loose energy
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what do particles contain ?
internal energy
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what is latent heat ?
the energy that is needed to change state of a substance
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what is specific latent heat ?
the amount of energy needed to change 1kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temp
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what is latent of heat fusion ?
what changing between solid and liquid (melting or freezing) is called
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what name is given to the process when a substance changes between a liquid and gas (evaporating, condensing, boiling) ?
specific latent heat of vaporisation
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what is the equation for density ?
mass kg divided by volume m cubed triangle :
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what is the equation to work out the amount of energy needed to change the state of an object ?
mass times specific latent heat of fusion/ vaporisation
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what happens to the temperature as the particles kinetic energy increases ?
it increases as well
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what does the temperature of a gas determine ?
what the kinetic energy store is, the pressure of the gas
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what effect does increased pressure have on gas particles ?
it increases their speed
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how can you increase the pressure for a fixed mass of gas ?
by reducing the volume or increasing the temperature
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why does the pressure of gas increase when you reduce volume ?
because the space reduces and the frequency of impact with the surface increases
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what is the equation for boyles law ? what is the constant ?
pressure*volume=constant; any number !
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what is the relation with volume and pressure ?
that the pressure is indirectly proportional to the volume, that as one goes up the other goes down
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what happens to atmospheric pressure as you increase in height ?
it decreases with height
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what does doing work on gas do ?
it increases it internal energy store
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explain the example of pumping a tire to do with work done with gas
as work is done against the force of the gas to push the plunger down, energy is transferred to the kinetic energy store of the gas particle which increases the temperature
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what happens when you compress a gas slowly ?
the gas looses energy to the environment but its temperature remains unchanged
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what is a wave ?
an osculation or vibration that transfers energy without transferring any matter
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what are the two types of wave ?
transverse and longitudinal
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how does a transverse wave move ?
when the particles osculate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer of the wave
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how does a longitudinal wave move ?
the particles osculate parallel to the direction of the energy transfer of the wave
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draw and label a transverse wave
:
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draw and label a longitudinal wave:
:
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what is the frequency of a wave ?
its the number of waves which pass a point every second, its measured in hertzeg. 100waves=100hertz
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are the four types of energy transfer ?
Back
mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation/waves
Card 3
Front
what is energy transfer by radiation/waves ?
Back
Card 4
Front
what is energy transfer by heating ?
Back
Card 5
Front
what is the law of conservation of energy ?
Back
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