Thin tiny-walled air sacs found in large numbers in the lungs
alveoli
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Explain how we inspire at rest
external intercostal muscles contract, volume increases, diaphragm contracts and flattens, rib cage expands so the lungs are pulled forwards
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Explain how we expire at rest
intercostal muscles relax, as does the diaphram, the volume of the thoratic cavity decreases, lungs resturn to their resting size and air pressure therefore decreases in the lungs.
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Slightly decreases during exercise and is the total volume of air in the lungs following maximum inspiration
Total lung capacity
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Slight decrease during exercise and is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired following maximum inspiration
Vital capacity
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Increase during exercise and is the volume of air inspired or expired per breath
Tidal volume
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decrease during exercise and is the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired above resting tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
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dramatic increase during exercise and is the volume of air inspired or expired in one minute
minute ventilation
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stays the same during exercise and is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
residual volume
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decreases during exerciseand is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired above resting tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
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What is used to measure pulmonary volumes?
A spirometer
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what is an anticipatory rise?
due to the excitement of exercise, ventilation slowly starts to increase prior to exercise due to the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline
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the exchange of gases between lungs and blood and their movement at tissue level takes place passively by
diffusion
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The concentration of a gas is known as its
partial pressure
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what is partial pressure measured in?
mmHg (millimetres of mercury)
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in the alveoli the partiasl pressure of oxygen is? and in the blood from the heart in the pulmonary capillaries is?
100 mmHg and 40 mmHg
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the oxygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form
oxyhaemoglobin
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the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is? and in the blood is?
40 mmHg and m6 mmHg
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How do you maximise the diffusion gradient?
good lung ventelation, vast surface area of alveoli, short distance from alveoli to capillary, moist alveolar lining and thin cell walls (permeability of the alveoli and capillary cell walls)
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the process whereby oxygen from the air in the lungs is transferred by diffusion to the blood flowing through the alveoli
Gaseous exchange
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the gases travel through the capillary/alveolar walls, with oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the...
blood
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tiny structure in the carotid artery and aortic arch that is stimulated by an increase in blood acidity
chemoreceptor
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an area in the brain stem that is responsible for the control of breathing rate and depth
respiratory centre
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the absorption and utilisation of oxygen from the blood leads to a difference in the oxygen content of arterial and venous blood known as the
arterio-venous oxygen difference or a-vO2diff
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supplies blood away from the heart
artery
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carries blood back to the heart
veins
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arterioles supply blood to small usits of muscles through a network or the smallest blood vessels called
cappilaries
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blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart picking up oxygen
pulmonary circulation
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oxygenated blood carried from the heart to the body tissue and back to the heart
systemic circulation
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name the layers within arteries and veins
an inner endothelium, a middle layer of smooth muscle elastic fibres, an outer fibrous layer
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reducing flow of blood into capillaries by action of sympathetic nerves
vasoconstriction
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opening and closing of the arterioles that supply the blood that is entering the capillary beds
Blood shunting
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increasing flow of blood into capillaries
vasodilation
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list some factors which have a direct effect and cause vasodilation in working muscles
drop in oxygen, rise in carbon dioxide levels, and increase in acidity, movement in the joints and tendons
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Explain how we inspire at rest
Back
external intercostal muscles contract, volume increases, diaphragm contracts and flattens, rib cage expands so the lungs are pulled forwards
Card 3
Front
Explain how we expire at rest
Back
Card 4
Front
Slightly decreases during exercise and is the total volume of air in the lungs following maximum inspiration
Back
Card 5
Front
Slight decrease during exercise and is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired following maximum inspiration
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