ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 0.0 / 5 ? ChemistryIntroduction to Organic ChemistryA2/A-levelNone Created by: Nicole ChongCreated on: 29-11-20 06:43 Homologous series Organic compounds with similar properties 1 of 19 Empirical formula Simplest formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound 2 of 19 Molecular formula Chemical formula that gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule 3 of 19 Structural formula Atoms bonded together in the molecule 4 of 19 Functional group Characteristics of chemical properties to an organic compound 5 of 19 Displayed formula Bonds as individual lines 6 of 19 Condensed formula Represent simple structures, branches in brackets 7 of 19 Skeletal formula Standard notation for complex organic molecules 8 of 19 Isomerism Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms 9 of 19 Structural isomers Same molecular formula, different structural formula 10 of 19 Stereoisomerism Same molecular and structural formula, different arrangement 11 of 19 Geometrical isomerism Occurs in compounds with C=C, C=C bonded to non-identical groups 12 of 19 Optical isomerism Occurs in compounds with chiral carbon atom, enantiomers, mirror images but not superimposable 13 of 19 Racemic mixture Equimolar mixture of enantiomers and optically inactive 14 of 19 Free radicals A single unpaired electron from homolytic fission of covalent bond 15 of 19 Nucleophile Lewis base, high electron density, attacks positively-charged atom, donate electron-pair 16 of 19 Electrophile Lewis acid, low electron density, attacks negatively-charged atom, accept electron-pair 17 of 19 Electron withdrawing group -I, increases acid strength of COOH, decreases base strength of NH2 18 of 19 Electron donating group +I, decreases acid strength of COOH, increases base strength of NH2 19 of 19
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