Motivation- teams
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- Created by: jf00632
- Created on: 10-03-19 20:12
What is a group?
2 or more people working towards achieving goals while interacting face to face; aware of interdependence and group membership
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What are the key characteristics of a group? (5)
number of members, commuincation network, shared sense of I.D, reciprocal (mutual) goals, structure
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What does aggregate mean?
A group of people unaware of each other and just happened to be at close proximity at the same time.
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Groups at work: What was Hawthorne first study?
Illumination experiments- the work conditions of an organisation is only one factor affecting productivity
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His second study?
relay-assembly tests- increase in performance depended on group performance, special status, engagement and relations
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His third study?
Bank writing tests- - informal cliques, crossing formal boundaries, informal behaviour rules, controlled performance
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What is the Hawthorn effect?
Importance of social relations, need to belong and impact on personal identity
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How many different types of group at work are there and what are they?
4- command, task (goals, production, project), interest, friendship
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What is the purpose of groups? (organisational function)
the organisational functions they provide- they can complete complex tasks, new ideas, socialise and problem solve.
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What is the purpose of groups? (individual functions)
the individual functions they provide- social needs, identity, problem solving, sef- interest
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What is a group?
A group is a small number of people working in collaborative style with individual input and accountability. They share certain passions and enjoy eachother company
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What is a team?
A team is a small number of people with complemtary skills, comitted purpose and goals for which they hold themselves accountable; independance, boundaries, authorrity and stability
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What is the key difference?
Teams need collaboration between members to complete tasks
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How many different types of teams are there nand what are they?
5. Strategy and policy team, production team, service team, project and development team, action and performing teams
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What is a strategy and policy team?
management decisions - making teams e.g. uni
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What is a production team?
A manufactuing team e.g. creating a phone
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What is a service team?
. teams that service photocopiers in client organizations; advice centre teams for a computer sales organization
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What is a prouct and devlopment team?
e.g. reserach teams
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What are action/ performing teams?
e.g. football
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What is a real team? (woods and west)
work closely and interdependently towards clear, shared objectives, have regular and effective communication, usually in the form of team meetings, in which they reflect upon their performance and how it could be improved
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Pseudo team (woods and west)
a group without clear goals, do not communicate, or who do not work interdependently to achieve goals. In these groups, members are less likely to be satisfied, committed and effective and there are likely to be high error rates and low effectivenes
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What team dynamics did Reynolds create?
Communication, Decision making , Power and Influence, conflict, Ethos
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What are the mainstream approaches on team effectiveness?
Most people assume the benefits of teamwork for: Flexibility Motivation Learning
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What are the key issues on this?
How teams develop, how teams shape individual behaviour, how teams should be designed
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What did Tuckman say was the first stage of a team developing?
Forming- just getting to know eachother, intro to tasks, aims and objectives
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2nd stage?
Storming- views and ideas process, arrangements and diagreemnts
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3rd stage?
Norming- controlling establishing guidlines, discovering who needs to work harder.
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4th stage?
Performing- addressing matters, tasks, creating structure to work effecively as a team
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What is group cohesivenss? FYI (ability to think and act as one)
utility task commitment, interpersonal atrraction to the group, pride in membership
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What is group cohesivenss? (continued)
(Lewin) we and belongin,(frestinger)- emotinoal forces to keep the group together, Characterised by membership attractiveness, clear norms, and compliance
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How can group coheviness be determined?
threats/competition, success, honogenity (same stage of mind), size, different of initation
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What are the effects of group cohesiveness? (positives) (6)
Morale, job sat, decreases the temtation to quit, norm enfocement (rules), increases participation
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What are the effects of group cohesiveness? (negatives) (6)
mix of attitudes, preasure to conform, rejection of deviants (outsiders), resistance to change, conflict, may decrease creativity
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What is levine and morelands theory on group influences? (group norms)
shared expectations of how all group members should bheave
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What is Rothlisberger and diasons theory on group influences?
can override a members self interest
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What is Kelmans theory on group influences? (1)
Compliance – change in behaviour but not attitude
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What is Kelmans theory on group influences? (2)
identification – change of attitude and behaviour influenced by someone admired
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What is Kelmans theory on group influences? (3)
internalisation – acceptance of norms established by groups for intrinsic rewards
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What is group think?
This is when the norm for consensus (agreement) overrides realistic appraisal of alternative sources of action- tendancy to seek for immediate agreement
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What are the symptons of group think? (2)
Illusion of invulnerability, belief in the rectitude (goodness) of the group
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What are the symptons of group think? (4)
Negative views of compeitors, sanctity of grop agreement, illusiion of unamity, Erecting a protective shield
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What are the consequences of group think? (4)
poor decision making, inadeuate decisions, discussion limited to a few alternatives, no attempt to get expert advise
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Conformity (FYI Compliance with rules) who was the theorists and what does it examine?
Solomon elliot Asch- it experiments to what extent do social influences alter indivudal behaviour? and which aspect of the group is the most influential?
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What is deindivcution? (loss of self awareness)
This is when large groups produce a collective mindset (group mind) and social contagion
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What was Lebon's theory on deindivcution?
it increases obedience
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What is social loafing?
reducing effort- freeriding- created by max ringeleman- could also be known as the "ringleman effect"
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What are Belbins team roles? (9)
implemeter, completer, plant, monitor-evalusator, specalist, resource investigaotr, co-ordinator, shape worker, teeam worker
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What happens to a team as size increases?
decreases --- indivudal sat, ind motivation to contribute, cohesion (bond) increases-- communication problems and loafing
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Critical approaches: overview
groups- win-win for managmeent and employees, critical approaches view them as a practice that creates, maintains and reporduces un-equal power relations
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What are the key concpets of critical approaches? (criscim of lean production)
"mean production". manamgent by stress, concertive control, self- discipline, survaillance (observation), consent, opemness of social practices, restiance
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Work intensification and exploitation- an idelogical theory (ideoligical is ideas about economic and political theory)
Generally introduced as part of a managerial strategy to increase efficiency, Often results in work intensification e.g. ‘mean production’, Can be seen as a form of exploitation which serves management’s interests
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What are the limitations of the ideological theory?
implies that workers are ignorant and cannot understand their own interests,
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What would be an alternative critical approach?
Look at why workers consent to team working, Barker’s concept of concertive control
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What are the limitations of the alternative view?
it seems to preclude possibilites for employee resitsnace, can produce united consequences
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the key characteristics of a group? (5)
Back
number of members, commuincation network, shared sense of I.D, reciprocal (mutual) goals, structure
Card 3
Front
What does aggregate mean?
Back
Card 4
Front
Groups at work: What was Hawthorne first study?
Back
Card 5
Front
His second study?
Back
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