A region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins
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S orbital (shape and how many in each principle energy level)
Spherical. 1 occurs in each principle energy level
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P orbital (shape and how many in each principle energy level)
Dumb-bell. 3 occurs in each principle energy level (except 1st)
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D orbital (shape and how many in each principle energy level)
Various shapes. 5 occurs in each principle energy level (except 1st and 2nd)
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Number of electrons in each principle energy level (1,2,3,4)
2, 8, 18, 32
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Ionic bonding
Electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
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Covalent bonding
Strong electrostatic attraction between the shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.
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Lone pair
Pair of electrons that are not shared
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Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract the electron pair in a covalent bond to itself
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Non-polar bond
Atoms with similar/identical electronegativity will both pull the electrons to the same extent. Electrons will be equally shared.
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Polar bond
Different atoms with different electronegativities - one will pull the electron pair closer to its end and become slightly more negative the other will be slightly more positive. A dipole is induced.
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Polar Molecules
Contain polar bonds and have a net dipole moment. Lack of symmetry.
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Permanent dipole-dipole interations
Between molecules with polar bonds. (2nd strongest intermolecular force)
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Induced dipole-dipole interactions
Occur b/w all molecules: 1. Electrons constantly moving. 2. At any instant electron density is uneven. 3. Instantaneous dipole induced 4. Induces dipole in neighbouring molecules 5. Induced dipole-dipole interactions occur (Weakest)
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Hydrogen bonding
Occurs in compounds that have a hydrogen atom attached to one of the three most electronegative atoms, Fluorine, Oxygen, Nitrogen. They must have an available lone pair of electrons. (Strongest intermolecular force)
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Anomalous properties of water
The solid (ice) is less dense than the liquid (water) - H bonds hold water molecules an open lattice. The water molecules in ice are further apart than water - less dense and floats. 2. Water has a relatively high MP+BP-strong H bonds
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Spherical. 1 occurs in each principle energy level
Back
S orbital (shape and how many in each principle energy level)
Card 3
Front
Dumb-bell. 3 occurs in each principle energy level (except 1st)
Back
Card 4
Front
Various shapes. 5 occurs in each principle energy level (except 1st and 2nd)
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