Medicine Through Time
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- Created by: sotes003.302
- Created on: 24-03-19 14:27
M - Causes (4 Causes)
Religion - God sent disease as a punishment / Astrology - Alignment of the planets / Four Humours - An imbalance in bodily fluids / Miasma - Bad air
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Hippocrates - Details
'Father' of medicine / Wrote medical books / Encouraged observation / Hippocratic oath
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Galen - Details
Surgeon in a gladiator school / Roman emperors doctor / Developed the theory of the 4 humours and treatment of opposites
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M - Approaches to Prevention and Treatment
Prayer,pilgrimage , flagellation / Purging / Star charts / Bloodletting / Herbal Remedies / Nice smells
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What is the Regimen Sanitatis
A Medieval set of instructions for a healthy lifestyle
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M - Approaches to hospital care
Run by Monks and Nuns / Infected and pregnant rejected / care and prayer / good food + water / Sharing of beds
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M Medics - Physician
Mostly Diagnosed and suggested treatments / Only the rich could afford them / Studied at university
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Vademecum
Physicians bag with all equipment - Leeches , Urine chart , Star chart etc
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M Medics - Apothecary
Herbal Remedies / Everyone visited due to low cost / Knowledge gained by experience or family members
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M Medics - Barber Surgeons
Simple Surgery or blood letting / Patients from Physicians / No qualifications - only books
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M Medics - Housewives
Superstitious treatment + Herbal Remedies / Treated Family / Knowledge passed down from family
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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Causes
God sent the plague as a punishment / Astrology / Miasma / Humours
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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Treatments
Holy Charms / Prayer and Confession / Avoid bathing / Smelling strong herbs / Bleeding and Purging
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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Prevention
Quarantine / Prayer / Pilgrimage / Self flagellation / Attempts to clean the streets
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M - Black Death (1348-49) - Details
Bubonic Plague killed 40% of England / Most died after 5 days / Causes fever and buboes / Few Survived once infected
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R - Causes
Miasma / Astrology less popular / Church still significant in medicine / Less believed God sent disease / Less support for 4 humours / Belief of animacules
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R - Thomas Sydenham
Moved away from Hippocrates and Galen / Encouraged observation / Didn't rely on books
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R - Printing Press
1440 / Allowed books to be printed widely / Decreased the churches influence
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R - The Royal Society
Created to discuss scientific ideas / Scientists could share work / Sponsored research and development
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R - Continuity - Treatment and Prevention
Bloodletting, purging, sweating / Herbal Remedies / Regimen Sanitatis / Apothecaries and surgeons / Women still cared for the sick
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R - Change - Treatment and Prevention
Belief in Transference - Passing on disease / Chemical Cures / Weather conditions linked to disease / Hospitals began to treat curable diseases / Specialist hospitals (Plague Houses)
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R - Medical Training Improvements
Better Education for surgeons and apothecaries / More Books / More Dissections
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R - Vesalius
Found Galens mistakes - Jawbone = 1 not 2 / Encouraged dissection / Focused on anatomy / His discoveries were contravercial
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R - William Harvey
Dissected humans and observed blood / Arteries and Veins linked / Heart is a pump / Theorised the existence of capillaries / Criticized as his findings didn't cure disease
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R - Dealing with the Plague (1965) - Causes
Astrology / Punishment from God / Humours / Miasma / Contact with the ill
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R - Dealing with the Plague (1965) - Prevention and Treatment -
Prayer / Doors marked with red X / Nice smells / Fasting / Plague doctors had mask with nice smells / Public gatherings band / Victims bodies cleared from towns
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I - Why did medicine change - Industrial Revolution
Child Labour / Pollution / Better Transport / More Factories / Better Scientific equipment
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I - Why did medicine change - Urbansiation
Most workers can't read or write / Overcrowding made conditions worse / Large amounts of waste / no sewage systems / Migration rose
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I - Why did medicine change - War and Conquest
1860 - Nightingale nursing school / New colonies in Africa - better trade / Foreign countries brought disease / The Red Cross
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I - Why did medicine change - Government
Poor sewage / Some sewers on small streets / Big streets had bad hygiene and no sewage
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I - Why did medicine change - Technology
New ships and trains / New glass for microscopes and thermometers / Good steel needles
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I - Edward Jenner and Vaccination story
Smallpox was a common, deadly disease / Milkmaids didn't catch it / Inoculated James Phipps with cowpox / He caught cowpox but not smallpox / The first Vaccination
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I - Support for Vaccination (3)
Proved the value of Scientific method / Saved many lives / Safer than other innoculation
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I - Opposition for Vaccination (3)
Only worked for smallpox / Not made compulsory / Already some methods for treating smallpox
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I - What is Spontaneous Generation
The belief that waste created disease causing germs
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I - Louis Pasteur and Germ Theory
Published 1861 / Couldn't isolate cholera germ / Ended 4 humours / New individual germs isolated / Invented Pasteurisation - Heating kills Germs / Proved his broth experiment
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I - Koch -
Worked after the Germ theory / Isolated the germ for Anthrax / Discovered the first individual bacteria in 1876
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I - Edwin Chadwick Report and First Public Health Act
Edwin Chadwick report on hygiene and sewage with study 1842 / 1848 Public Health Act - Board of Health set up - council had to improve hygiene
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I - Effect of Germ Theory on Vaccination
Koch discovered the first individual bacteria 1876 / More later discovered / Pasteur developed more vaccines E.G. Rabies
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I - John Snow Case Study
1858 - Hot summer caused 'Great Stink' / Poor sewage caused Cholera outbreaks / Hypothesised that bad water caused Cholera / Proved this with water pump study / Lead to 2nd Public Health Act
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I - Second Public Health Act
Local councils had to clean up sewage and have a clean water supply / Other sanitary improvements made
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I - Hospitals
Hospitals unsanitary / High death Rate / Florence Nightingale ordered cleaning equipment and fresh bedding / Health standards improved and death rate fell / Made nurses maintain standards and set up Nursing School
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I - Surgery - Tackling Pain and anaesthetic
James Simpson used chloroform as anaesthetic - Could kill / 1795 - Laughing gas used / William E Clarke used Ether
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I - Surgery - Tackling Infection
Joseph Lister used Carbolic acid as antiseptic / Sprayed on hands and surgery / 1890's - Development of Aseptic Surgery
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I - Surgery - Opposition
Anaesthetics made the death rate rise / Chloroform caused many deaths
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I - Treatments
1844 - Pill machine / Cocaine used as medicine / James Morrison - Cure all pills - No effect, only placebo / 1880's advertising laws brought in
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Modern - Advancements in Genetics
Crick and Watson used Rosalind Franklin's work to build the structure of DNA / Genetic diseases better understood / Better Understanding on the effect of lifestyle choices
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Modern - Human Genome Project
1990 - 2003 / Mapped out the entire human genome / Genetic diseases could be identified
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Modern - Improvements in Diagnosis
X-Rays - can see inside the body / CT scans / MRI - Organ imaging / ECG - Monitor the heart / Blood tests / Blood pressure monitors
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Modern - Magic Bullets
Ehrlich Salvarsan 606 - Used to treat specific diseases (Syphilis) / Domagk Prontosil - Treat Blood poisoning
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Modern - NHS
1948 / Provided free medical services / Access to all areas of medical support / All people now had access
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Modern - Technology
Radiotherapy - Help treat cancer / Dialysis - help treat kidney problems
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Modern - High Tech Surgery
More complex surgery such as prosthetic limbs and keyhole surgery / Made surgery safer and more effective
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Modern - Vaccination
Government made many vaccinations compulsory / Polio vaccine made compulsory in 1950 / Wiped out diseases
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Modern - Lifestyle campaigns
Change4Life educates about good lifestyle choices / Campaigns and adverts help improve people's lifestyles
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Modern - Legislation for smoking
Smoking illegal in enclosed workspace 2006
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Modern - Discovery of Penicillin
Discovered by Fleming by accident / Left a petri dish open and realises that penicillium mould killed bacteria / His findings were published
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Modern - Development of Penicillin
Florey and Chain developed Flemings ideas / Worked with mould on mice 1940 / First human trial worked until they ran out / It was hard to mass produce the mould
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Modern - Mass Production of Penicillin
US Government agreed to help mass produce the mould / Needed for WW2 / By 1944 - Enough was made to treat all allied casualties
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Modern - Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
By the time it is detected - too late to treat / Can be detected with Bronchoscope or CT scan
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Modern - Prevention of Lung Cancer
Bans on smoking in workplaces and in public areas / Bans on cigarette advertising and packaging
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Modern - Treatment of Lung Cancer
Operation to remove tumour / Radiotherapy / Chemotherapy
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
'Father' of medicine / Wrote medical books / Encouraged observation / Hippocratic oath
Back
Hippocrates - Details
Card 3
Front
Surgeon in a gladiator school / Roman emperors doctor / Developed the theory of the 4 humours and treatment of opposites
Back
Card 4
Front
Prayer,pilgrimage , flagellation / Purging / Star charts / Bloodletting / Herbal Remedies / Nice smells
Back
Card 5
Front
A Medieval set of instructions for a healthy lifestyle
Back
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