Medicine through time

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What did Jenner create a vaccination for?
Jenner created a vaccination for small pox. He used cow pox in order to vaccinate somebody from small pox. He noticed that the milkmaids from where he lived were not getting small pox.
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How many people did Jenner test his vaccination on? Between what years?
Jenner tested his vaccination on 23 patients between the years of 1796-1798.
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What was the name of the boy that he tested it on?
He tested the vaccination on James Phillips. In order to see if it worked or not, he injected him with the vaccine. Then, three months later, he injected him with small pox. The boy seemed unharmed, and Jenner began to test on others.
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What century was Jenner?
Jenner was C18th.
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What did Pasteur create a vaccine for?
Pasteur created a vaccine for Chicken Cholera.
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What did Pasteur's assistant do?
Pasteur's assistant (Charles Chamberland) left the germ solution out overnight. As a result, it meant that it was weakened by the air.
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What happened the morning after the germ solution was left out?
The morning after, they injected the germ solution into the chickens. Usually, they died within two days. However, because the germ solution has been weakened by the air, the chickens did not die.
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When they found out that the chickens did not die, what did they do?
When they found out that the chickens did not die, they then re-injected them with the fresh chicken cholera solution. They did not die.
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What did it tell them when the chickens did not die after re-injecting them?
This told them that the chickens were now immune to the chicken cholera. Therefore, they had found a vaccine.
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What factor meant that Pasteur could create the vaccine?
It was due to the chance of Pasteur's assistant leaving the bacterium out on the side overnight that he was able to create the vaccine.
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Who created the anthrax vaccine?
Pasteur created the anthrax vaccine in 1881.
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How did Pasteur create the Anthrax vaccine?
Pasteur created the anthrax vaccine by transferring the idea of leaving the germ solution out on the side to let the air weaken it.
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How did Pasteur test to see whether the vaccine worked?
In 1881, he tested his vaccine on 50 sheep. 25 sheep had been vaccinated and 25 had not been. A few weeks later, all 25 vaccinated sheep were still alive. However, the other 25 sheep died. This proved that the 25 still alive were immune.
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Who produced the Rabies vaccine?
Pasteur created the anthrax vaccine.
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How did Pasteur create the Rabies vaccine?
Pasteur once again transferred the idea of letting the solution sit on the side to let the air weaken it.
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Why and when did he first test the Rabies vaccine?
In 1886, he tested the solution out on a boy who had been bitten by a dog with rabies. He vaccinated the boy using his new solution. The boy survived so he began testing on other people.
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What time period was Pasteur?
Pasteur was C19th.
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What sort of vaccines were created in the C20th?
Vaccines such as MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Polio and HPV. Many of these diseases have now largely been wiped out.
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What did Vesalius do?
Vesalius was a Renaissance anatomist.
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What did Vesalius write?
Vesalius wrote two editions of fabric of the human body. One was in 1543, and the other in 1555.
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What was in the fabric of the human body that there wasn't before?
In the fabric of the human body, there were hand drawn illustrations that were anatomically correct and accurate.
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Who did he challenge the ideas of?
Vesalius challenged the ideas of Galen.
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Why was it significant that he challenged the ideas of Galen?
It is significant because many other people were too scared to question him. Therefore, it opened up opportunity to re-evaluate and discuss anatomy.
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What did Vesalius propose that Galen was incorrect about?
Vesalius said that Galen was wrong about ideas of how the heart works, the jaw bone and the kidneys.
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Who was a surgeon from the Renaissance?
Paré was a renaissance surgeon.
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What progress was made in Renaissance surgery?
In the Renaissance, there was a moderate amount of progress made.
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What things changed from before and after Paré to help blood loss?
Before Paré, everyone was cauterising wounds. To do this, they poured boiling oil on the wounds. This stopped the bleeding. However, after Paré, they used ligatures. This meant that they individually died up each of the blood vessels.
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What things changed from before and after Paré to help with infection.
Before Paré, they would put gunpowder and oil on wounds. However, one day he ran out of oil so instead used his own mixture. This had egg, turpentine and oil of roses. It prevented infection, so they continued to use it.
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Who was were some of the surgeons from the C19th?
Some of the surgeons included Liston, Davy, Lister, Halstead and Simpson.
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What did James Simpson do?
Simpson discovered chloroform in 1847. Although it wasn't problem free, it was the most effective anaesthetic yet.
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What did Liston do?
Liston discovered ether. In 1847, he completed his first successful operation with ether.
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What did Davy do?
Davy discovered laughing gas in 1799. Although it didn't send people to sleep, it did reduce the sensation of pain.
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What did Halstead do?
Halstead used the first pair of rubber gloves, this reduced the risk of infection.
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What progress was made in pain during C19th?
Anaesthetics such as ether and chloroform were discovered in the 1840s. This meant that the surgeries were less painful for the patients.
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Was there an issue that came along shortly after the introduction of anaesthetics?
In the 1890s, there were a few problems that arose with the anaesthetics use. Firstly, they had problems of their own. For example, some of them causes nausea and vomiting. Moreover, there was also the dark period in the 1890s.
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What is the dark period?
The dark period was a in the 1890s. This was shortly after the introduction of anaesthetics. It meant that surgeons were able to perform Moree complex surgeries that were deeper with the body. It meant that for a while, the infection rate increased.
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How did the infection rate change in the C19th.
Although in the short term, it may have seemed as if the infection rate had actually increased, overall the infection rate decreased. Techniques such as aseptic surgery decreased the infection rates again.
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What factors affected development in understanding disease and infection?
There were factors such as : Science and technology, Individuals, Chance and War.
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Explain how science and technology affected understanding of D+I.
Technology such as microscopes helped scientist such as Koch. This is because they were able to see all the bacteria close up, and work out what they all looked like.
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Explain how individuals affected understanding of D+I.
An individual's personality could affect the understanding. For example, if a scientist such as Florey was perseverant, it would hasten the understanding. Also, if someone had an enquiring attitude, this would also help.
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Explain how chance affected understanding of D+I.
Chance affected understanding because it meant that they unravelled science that they wouldn't have otherwise done. For example, Charles Chamberland helped understanding by chance. Also, Flemming discovered penicillin by chance.
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Explain how war affected understanding of D+I.
Pencillin was introduced in ww11. Therefore, because there were more patients, it gave them a better understanding of how it worked.
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Card 2

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How many people did Jenner test his vaccination on? Between what years?

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Jenner tested his vaccination on 23 patients between the years of 1796-1798.

Card 3

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What was the name of the boy that he tested it on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What century was Jenner?

Back

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Card 5

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What did Pasteur create a vaccine for?

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