Kidney function and failure
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- Created by: Lotto65
- Created on: 14-10-17 14:20
If blood is in the urine that is an indicator of...
Infection (like cystitis), cancer, kidney stones or kidney damage
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If glucose is in the urine that is an indicator of...
Diabetes
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Which proteins would you expect in the urine because they are small enough?
hCG and insulin
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What are large proteins in the urine a sign of?
Kidney disease
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Why do you test urine for drugs?
Drugs pass out in the urine so you can see if someone is a drug abuser either recreationally or to gain an advantage in sport
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Why is kidney failure a serious condition?
Toxins build up in the blood and solute concentrations cannot be maintained at the normal level
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What are the consequences of untreated kidney failure?
Person feels increasingly ill and eventually dies
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Name the two main treatments for kidney failure
Hemodialysis and kidney transplants
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What blood vessel is blood drawn out of for dialysis?
Vein (sometimes fused to an artery to maintain a higher blood flow/ pressure)
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How long does dialysis last?
3-4 hours
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How many times a week does one have to go to dialysis?
3 times a week
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What is another name for dialysis fluid?
Dialysate
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Where does the blood flow in dialysis?
Through semi-permeable dialysis tubing
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Where is the dialysate?
On the other side of the dialysis tubing
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What allows small particles to flow from the blood into the dialysate?
Pores in the dialysis membrane
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Why can plasma proteins and blood cells not pass into the dialysate?
The pores are too small for them to diffuse through
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What does dialysate not contain?
Urea and other waste products so it diffuses out of the blood and into the fluid
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Why are there ideal concentrations of glucose and other metabolites in the dialysate?
So ideal concentrations are acheived by diffusion to or from the fluid to create an isotonic solution (or not diffusion at all so no loss of glucose)
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Why does the fluid contain high calcium and low potassium concentrations?
To add calcium and extract potassium from the blood
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What in the dialysate is used to maintain blood acidity? How does it work?
Hydrogencarbonate ions as that is a negative ion that attracts the positive hydrogen ions to diffuse into dialysate to lower blood acidity
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The excess of what is removed from the blood due to the total solute concentration in the dialysate?
Water
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Name two types of donors
Living donor to donate one kidney or a dead donor to donate both kidneys to two people
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What is the requirement for kidney donation?
Much be same blood type as recipient and tissues must match as closely as possible
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Why are there special requirements for donations?
To minimise chance of rejection of kidney by recipient's immune system
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How does a kidney transplant take place?
New kidney grafted into lower abdomen with the renal artery, renal vein and ureter connected to the recipient's blood vessels and bladder
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What is kidney failure structurally?
When the kidney tubules fail to filter enough blood so cannot clear all the toxins in the blood
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What is the name of the tube that removes blood for dialysis?
Catheter
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Which blood vessel returns blood from dialysis?
Vein
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Does dialysate and blood pass in the same direction?
No opposite directions to maintain a constant concentration gradient
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Name the process by which substances move into the blood or dialysate in dialysis
Diffusion
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Name an advantage of kidney transplants
Allows the patient to lead almost a normal life
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What are some disadvantages of kidney transplants?
Close tissue and blood match needed; have to take immunosuppressants for the rest of their life; shortage of donation material as not enough people carry donor cards to meet demand
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What are the advantages of dialysis?
Relaxation time and low risk of infection
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What are the disadvantages of dialysis?
Limiting, diet and drinking restrictions and have to keep travelling to the hospital
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What is peritoneal dialysis?
A cleansing fluid flows into your peritoneum and filters waste products from your blood before it flows out of your abdomen and is discarded
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What are the advantages of peritoneal dialysis?
Less diet restrictions, less travelling, less restricting, no bulky equipment
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What are the disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis?
Training required, disruptive, upsetting have permanent tube, possibly gain weight
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What are the advantages of transplants?
Cures problems entirely; longer life expectancy from living donor; psychological benefits for recipient if living donor; shorter waiting list for others
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What are the disadvantages of transplants?
Ethics if animals are bred, tissue match and blood type match needed, immunosuppressants and speed needed if dead donor
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What are the disadvantages of xenotransplantation?
Ethics of using animals just for this purpose; Disease transmission possible; Rejection rates high; shorter life span than human donors
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What are the advantages of xenotransplantation?
Saves life/ increases quality of life; No evidence of infection risk yet; Decreases black market organ donation; deals with supply/ demand problem
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What are the advantages of therapeutic cloning?
Saves lives; Increases life span; no rejection if cells from own patient; deals with supply/demand problem
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What are the disadvantages of therapeutic cloning?
Ethics if come from embryos as embryos will die; Tumours and other disease risk
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Give two types of urine test
Test ***** on special paper; Sample into a pot for laboratory analysis and culturing to grow bacteria present (to determine infection)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
If glucose is in the urine that is an indicator of...
Back
Diabetes
Card 3
Front
Which proteins would you expect in the urine because they are small enough?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are large proteins in the urine a sign of?
Back
Card 5
Front
Why do you test urine for drugs?
Back
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