John F Kennedy 1960-1963
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- Created by: evekav
- Created on: 23-03-21 15:38
Who was John F Kennedy?
*Democrat
*Son of Irish catholic businessman
*War hero
*Elected to the House of Representatives in 1947 and the Senate in 1953.
*Won 1960 presidential election in 1960
*Son of Irish catholic businessman
*War hero
*Elected to the House of Representatives in 1947 and the Senate in 1953.
*Won 1960 presidential election in 1960
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How many votes did Kennedy win the election by?
119,450
(0.19% of the popular vote)
(0.19% of the popular vote)
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What were Kennedy's strengths?
*war hero
*handsome, young, tall
*13 years' experience in Congress (7 in the Senate)
*Northern Democratic support as well as catholic
*won the African-American vote
*father's wealth ran his campaign
*handsome, young, tall
*13 years' experience in Congress (7 in the Senate)
*Northern Democratic support as well as catholic
*won the African-American vote
*father's wealth ran his campaign
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What were Nixon's strengths?
*13 years' experience in Congress (8 as VP)
*Staunch anti-communist
*foreign policy experience
*non-priviledged
*Californian support
*Staunch anti-communist
*foreign policy experience
*non-priviledged
*Californian support
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How many votes did psephologists believe Kennedy's Catholicism lose him?
1.5 million
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What were the key differences between Nixon's and Kennedy's policies?
The economy and Cold War tensions-Kennedy made an effort to portray Nixon and Eisenhower as neglecting America's defenses by allowing a 'missile gap' to develop.
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Why did Kennedy win the 1960 election?
*calling Marin Luther King Jr's wife while he was imprisoned during the sit-in in Atlanta-leading to Kennedy winning the African American vote 70:30.
*the televised debate six weeks before the election-Kennedy administration prepared him to ensure succes
*the televised debate six weeks before the election-Kennedy administration prepared him to ensure succes
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How did Kennedy's administration prepare him for the tv debate?
*Been campaigning in Florida so he appeared well tanned
*Blue suit was chosen to contrast with the grey tv background
*Wore make-up so his stubble was hidden
*Nixon appeared sweaty under the studio lights
*Blue suit was chosen to contrast with the grey tv background
*Wore make-up so his stubble was hidden
*Nixon appeared sweaty under the studio lights
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What did Kennedy use to promote his campaign?
Snappy party political broadcasts ('Kennedy for Me') as well as a range of merchandise with many photo opportunities.
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Who was Lyndon B Johnson?
Served for 24 years in Congress before being VP to Kennedy, balanced the ticket between North and South, experience and youth.
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Who was Bobby Kennedy?
Kennedy's younger brother, ran his campaign until he served for him and Johnson as Attorney General. He stood for a seat in New York in the 1964 election and was assassinated in 1968.
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Who was McGeorge Bundy?
Former intelligence officer in WW2 and Professor of Government at Harvard. Served as a US National Security Advisor to Kennedy and Johnson from 1961 to 196, involved with Bay of Pigs decision and Cuban Missile Crisis.
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Who was Sargent Shriver?
A trained lawyer and part of a tight knit group around the president and driving force behind the Peace Corps.
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Who was Robert McNamara?
Was headhunted from his role as president of Ford by S. Shriver to form a group around JFK. Was an accountancy teacher at Harvard and was a devotee of statistical analysis. Favoured military intervention in his role as head of the Department of Defense.
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Who was Dean Rusk?
Secretary of State under JFK and Johnson, involved in foreign affairs but was seen as second choice. Johnson kept him on despite resigning after Kennedy's death and when his daughter became engaged to an African-American man in 1967.
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What was the 'New Frontier'?
The set of Kennedy's domestic policies which addressed a huge range of areas, it had more bills passed any time since the 'New Deal'.
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How many bills were passed by 1963?
35 of the 58 bills submitted were approved by congress.
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What policies were made in terms of the economy?
*Housing Act created 420,000 construction jobs.
*$175 million in workers' pockets from an increased minimum wage.
*$200 million on extra welfare benefits.
*$780 million in unemployment benefits.
*$175 million in workers' pockets from an increased minimum wage.
*$200 million on extra welfare benefits.
*$780 million in unemployment benefits.
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What policies were made in terms of workers?
*1962 Executive Order provided federal employees with bargaining rights.
*1962 Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards established working hours and safety.
*1961 Fair Labour Standards Act.
*1962 Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards established working hours and safety.
*1961 Fair Labour Standards Act.
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What policies were made in terms of welfare?
*20% increase in social security benefits.
*School Lunch Act provided free lunch and milk to school children.
*Food stamp programme launched-fed 250,000 people.
*Increased funding for foster care.
*School Lunch Act provided free lunch and milk to school children.
*Food stamp programme launched-fed 250,000 people.
*Increased funding for foster care.
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What policies were made in terms of health?
*Medicare, a universal Healthcare Bill for the elderly and migrant workers with funding for nursing homes.
*Social Security Act 1963 allowed children's vaccinations.
*Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1963 tightened restrictions on therapeutic drugs.
*Social Security Act 1963 allowed children's vaccinations.
*Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1963 tightened restrictions on therapeutic drugs.
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What policies were made in terms of education?
*Increase in vocational training with the Vocational Education Act of 1963.
*Expansion of scholarships and student loans
*Educational Television Facilities Act of 1962 which used television in education.
*$2000 per annum for healthcare provider training.
*Expansion of scholarships and student loans
*Educational Television Facilities Act of 1962 which used television in education.
*$2000 per annum for healthcare provider training.
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What policies were made in terms of housing?
*$3.19 billion spent on housing focusing on middle and low income families and the retired.
*Urban renewal grants rose from $2 to $4 million.
*100,000 new homes were constructed.
*Urban open spaces were protected.
*Urban renewal grants rose from $2 to $4 million.
*100,000 new homes were constructed.
*Urban open spaces were protected.
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What policies were made in terms of the environment?
*Clean Air Act 1963
*National Park system expanded
*Funding was doubled for the prevention of water pollution.
*National Park system expanded
*Funding was doubled for the prevention of water pollution.
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What policies were made in terms of women's right?
*Establishment of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in December 1961, recommended paid maternity leave, affordable childcare provision and hiring practices that promoted equality.
*Equal Pay Act 1963.
*Equal Pay Act 1963.
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What policies were made in terms of civil rights?
*Civil Rights Bill introduced in 1963.
*Voter Education projected launched in April 1962.
*Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity established.
*Discrimination in public housing was prohibited.
*Interstate Commerce Commission forced to desegregate.
*Voter Education projected launched in April 1962.
*Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity established.
*Discrimination in public housing was prohibited.
*Interstate Commerce Commission forced to desegregate.
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What policies were made in terms of the space race?
*$9 billion given to NASA to put a man on the moon by the sixties-astronauts Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, John Glenn and three others were safely put into space during Kennedy's presidency.
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What was Kennedy's policies labelled as?
'Style over substance'
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Where and when did Kennedy and Khrushchev first meet?
Vienna in 1961
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What was on the table for discussion at Vienna?
The ongoing problem of Berlin, the situation in Cuba and the situation in Laos where US support of a right-wing government was directed at holding back the communist organisation the Pathet Lao.
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What were the feelings around Vienna?
Kennedy stood firm on all three issues, Soviet leader felt confident Kennedy was likeable but naïve and decided a solution to 30,000 East Germans escaping in July 1961.
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When was the initial Berlin Wall erected?
13 August 1961-a barbed wire was erected along the border, this was followed by a wall which was built in the subsequent days.
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What happened to those tying to cross the border?
Anyone caught without a permit faced imprisonment, while those trying to cross illicitly were shot.
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What did Kennedy think of the wall?
He was relatively calm and believed a wall was better than a war.
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Who was instructed to use propaganda?
Dean Rusk was sent to exploit the situation for propaganda as far as was possible.
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What happened in June 1963?
Kennedy travelled to West Berlin to give one of his most famous speeches, stressing US commitment to freedom across the world.
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How long was Berlin to be divided for?
For the next 36 years.
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How did Castro humiliate Eisenhower?
Castro travelled to New York for the General Assembly Meeting of the United Nations and met with Khrushchev, Egyptian leader President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Indian Premier Jawaharlal Nehru as well as Malcolm X.
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What was The Bay of Pigs invasion?
Kennedy inherited it from Eisenhower, it was a fiasco. April 1961-the majority of exiles were captured and those who escaped failed to persuade the local population to rise up against Castro.
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What was the Cuban missile crisis?
It is described as the closest the world has come to nuclear war, it involved missiles in Cuba under instruction of Khrushchev.
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What happened on the 15th October 1962?
A U-2 plane discovers evidence of missiles in Cuba.
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What happened on the 18th October 1962?
Robert Kennedy meets soviet foreign minister who tells Kennedy the only way to help the Soviet Union is giving to Cuba is assistance growing crops and missiles that are only for defence.
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What happened on the 19th October 1962?
Ex-Comm suggests quarantining Cuba.
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What happened on the 22nd October 1962?
President Kennedy gives a televised speech to the nation.
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What happened on the 23rd October 1962?
Soviet ships on their way to Cuba are stopped 750 miles away under Khrushchev's orders.
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What happened on the 24th October 1962?
Khrushchev refuses to remove the missiles from Cuba.
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What happened on the 25th October 1962?
Kennedy orders flights over Cuba to be increased from once to twice a day.
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What happened on the 26th October 1962?
Ex-Comm begins discussions about invading Cuba. Khrushchev sends telegram offering to dismantle the sites if Kennedy promises not to invade Cuba.
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What happened on the 27th October 1962?
U-2 plane shot down over Cuba, Kennedy sends telegram demanding the dismantling of missiles in Turkey, Kennedy agrees to first telegram and secretly withdraws missiles.
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What happened on the 28th October 1962?
Khrushchev gives a speech saying he's agreed to Kennedy's arrangement.
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Who told Kennedy he considered Cuba to be the 'greatest defeat in our history?
General Curtis Le May
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What happened after The Cuban Missile Crisis?
Missiles were removed from Cuba within two months and a hotline was set up between the White House and the Kremlin to allow easier communication at a time of crisis.
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What did Kennedy and his team feel the Cold War was now being fought in?
'third world'
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What was the situation in Vietnam?
Vietnam bordered China, with two further neighbours, one being Laos, the US was also supporting a government against communist insurgency.
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What was the problem with Ngo Dinh Diem?
Persecuted the buddhist population and his mistreatment led to the North to encourage rebellion in the hope of ousting Diem and re-unifying the country.
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At the start of Kennedy's administration, how many American military advisors were there in South Vietnam?
800
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How many American military advisors were there in South Vietnam after 1963?
23,000
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How many soldiers were there in the South Vietnamese army were there in South Vietnam after 1963?
250,000
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What did the US advisors do?
They never engaged in combat but trained the Southern army against the Vietcong.
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How many Vietcong were there?
12,000
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How did the US counteract the guerrilla warfare employed by the Vietcong?
Kennedy adopted a tactic of 'flexible response' using different fighting and propaganda methods.
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What did the strategies include?
*Strategic hamlets
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What were strategic hamlets?
Involved moving Vietnamese peasants from their villages to fortified protected by South Vietnamese military.
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What were the problems with strategic hamlets?
The Vietcong infiltrated the villages anyway and gained the villagers' support by paying for their food and treating them respectfully.
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What did Diem's persecution of the Buddhist community result in?
The self-immolation of Thich Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk in 1963, this brought international criticism of the US's role in supporting Diem.
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What happened when the CIA discovered a general was planning an assassination of Diem?
They failed to intervene and Diem was assassinated a few weeks before Kennedy himself.
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Who took over as commander in Vietnam?
General William Westmoreland took over on the advice of McNamara in January 1964.
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How did Kennedy use his executive power effectively?
He created 5 black federal judges, including Thurgood Marshall.
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How else did Kennedy use his executive power?
He created a new body, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to encourage companies with federal contracts to employ more black people.
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What did Robert Kennedy do at the Justice Department?
He brought 57 suits against violations of black voting rights in the South compared to the six brought in Eisenhower's eight years.
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What organisation did King found?
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 which drew on the success of the evangelist Billy Graham's crucade.
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What was the result of the SCLC?
Their tactics sought to use black churches to promote the organisation of non-violent protest but it was faced with resistance from the police, the White Citizens' Council, the KKK and some black church leaders who feared white retaliation.
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Why were students uniquely suited to sit-ins?
They lacked financial commitments of supporting a family that affected older people and were often willing to put themselves in danger for their beliefs.
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What were the students' tactics for the sit-ins?
They would go to a segregated restaurant and sit in the 'whites inly' seats and asked to be served.
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When did the sit-ins begin?
1st February 1960
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What did the students from North Carolina A&T College do?
(Sit-ins)
(Sit-ins)
They purchased several items in a Woolworths store and then sat at the seats reserved for white people and tried to order food, remaining for an hour until the store closed.
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Who were the students that did this?
(Sit-ins)
(Sit-ins)
*Joseph McNeil
*Izell Blair
*Franklin McCain
*David Richmond
*Izell Blair
*Franklin McCain
*David Richmond
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How many were involved, across what scale?
(Sit-ins)
(Sit-ins)
Within a month, 50,000 students in 30 venues across 7 states had replicated the protest, drawing media attention and violent reactions of white people.
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What did sit-ins allowed to be formed?
A new organisation - The Student Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee (SNCC), it emerged from a meeting by Ella Baker.
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What happened in Spring 1961?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
CORE sought to push through the movement by repeating their own Journey of Reconciliation which attempted to integrate bus travel.
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What was the situation in the North and South?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
Buses were integrated in the North but in the South they remained segregated despite the Supreme Court precedents of Morgan v. Virginia from 1946 and Boynton v. Virginia from 1960.
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How many riders were included in the Freedom Rides?
13 riders: 7 black and 6 white.
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Who led the Freedom Rides?
CORE Director James Farmer
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What did the Freedom Rides entail?
They set out from Washington to New Orleans to test the Court's decision, if they faced hostility it would force a new president to confront the issue of civil rights early in his presidency.
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What happened along the way?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
The ride prompted violence and intimidation particularly in Aniston.
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How was the media involved?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
Tv images were broadcast globally, including badly beaten riders like Jim Zwerg and James Peck.
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What did Robert Kennedy do?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
Called for a cooling off period but the rides continued. Also demanded the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce their own 1955 ruling on desegregation of interstate buses.
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Who was forced to protect the riders?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
Democratic Governor of Alabama, John Patterson; Democrat Governors of Mississippi and Louisiana.
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What happened as the ICC deliberated?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
60 further rides including 300 riders, 75% male, made their way to Jackson, Mississippi, where everyone were arrested.
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What happened on 1st November 1961?
(Freedom Rides)
(Freedom Rides)
The ICC issued instructions ending segregation in interstate travel and facilities.
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Which SNCC campaigners headed to Albany and Georgia to challenge segregation?
(Albany Campaign)
(Albany Campaign)
*Charles Sherrod
*Cordell Reagon
*Charles Jones
*Cordell Reagon
*Charles Jones
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What conflict did they come into?
(Albany Campaign)
(Albany Campaign)
Came into conflict with established civil rights groups and fell foul of the local police chief Laurie Pritchett.
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What instructions did Pritchett give to his officers?
(Albany Campaign)
(Albany Campaign)
*police the marches fairly and protect the demonstrators.
*contact local jails in a 40 mile radius to ensure if arrests were made there would be space.
*treat King, if and when he arrived, with considerable care.
*contact local jails in a 40 mile radius to ensure if arrests were made there would be space.
*treat King, if and when he arrived, with considerable care.
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What happened when local groups contacted King?
(Albany Campaign)
(Albany Campaign)
He answered but was arrested and when offered the choice of $178 fine or jail, he chose jail. Pritchett saw an opportunity and arranged King's fine to be paid and for him to be released with little fuss.
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Who was James Meredith?
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
He had served in the US Air Force, he took advantage of the GI Bill and inspired by Kennedy's inauguration speech, he decided to apply to the University of Mississippi.
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What was the problem of Meredith's enrollment?
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
There were a series of NAACP court cases, followed by attempts by the Democrat Governor of Mississippi Ross Barret to prevent his enrollment.
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When did Meredith finally enroll in University?
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
1st October 1962
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What followed Meredith's enrollment?
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
Riots followed-2 killed-Robert Kennedy had 500 US marshals supported by the 70th Army Engineer Combat Battalion brought to maintain order. 1/3 of the Marshalls and 40 soldiers were also injured.
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When did Meredith graduate?
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
August 1963 with a degree in Political Science-having endured abuse and isolation throughout his time at 'Ole Miss'.
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What happened in June 1963?
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
George Wallace (Democratic Governor of Alabama) blocked the access of two black students to the University of Alabama.
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What did Kennedy have to do to force Wallace to move?
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
(James Meredith and Ole Miss)
He had to federalise the Alabama National Guard to force Wallace to step aside.
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What was Birmingham nicknamed and why?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
'Bombingham' for being one of the most racist in the south and its Klan activity.
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What was it in the midst of?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
A disputed mayoral election in which the moderate Albert Boutwell defeated the segregationist commissioner of public safety, Eugene 'Bull' Connor, who allowed the Klan to beat the freedom riders when they arrived in 1961.
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What followed the mayoral election?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
SCLC campaign of marches, sit-ins and boycotts but they lacked money to cover bail so when King got arrested and was kept in solitary confinement, his leadership was challenged.
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What did King do in the time he was arrested?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
He penned the 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' in reaction to a statement in The Birmingham News condemning the protests.
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How was King released?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
King's wife contacted the Kennedy administration and he was released on 20 April 1963.
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What was the result of King's absence?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
The campaign became stagnant and SCLC organiser James Bevel proposed using young children in demonstrations as they lacked responsibilities of adult protestors and were more media friendly.
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What was the result of using children in the protests?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
Connor directed local police to arrest children using clubs and dogs if necessary and the fire service to use high pressure fire hoses. The images made front page news across the world.
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What did Robert Kennedy do?
(Birmingham)
(Birmingham)
Sent Burke Marshall, his chief civil rights assistant, to negotiate and an agreement was reached to start desegregating facilities.
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When was the The March on Washington?
(The March on Washington)
(The March on Washington)
Tuesday 27th August 1963
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How many marchers were there?
(The March on Washington)
(The March on Washington)
200,000
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Who envisaged the march and who co-organised it?
(The March on Washington)
(The March on Washington)
Bayard Rustin and A Phillip Randolph
'Big Six' leaders-James Farmer of CORE, John Lewis of the SNCC, MLK Jr of the SCLC, Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, Whitney Young of the Urban League and Randolph as the head of the BHofSCP.
'Big Six' leaders-James Farmer of CORE, John Lewis of the SNCC, MLK Jr of the SCLC, Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, Whitney Young of the Urban League and Randolph as the head of the BHofSCP.
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What was the goal?
(The March on Washington)
(The March on Washington)
To further increase pressure on the Kennedy administration to press ahead with civil rights legislation but to highlight the economic prejudice faced by african americans.
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What did Kennedy do?
(The March on Washington)
(The March on Washington)
He was willing to endorse the march and ensures 19,000 troops were stationed in the suburbs-no arrests were made.
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What was the high point?
(The March on Washington)
(The March on Washington)
MLK Jr's I Have A Dream speech.
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What did the 1960 Civil Rights Commission estimate?
*57% of black housing was of substandard quality.
*black life expectancy was 7 years less than white people.
*infant mortality rate was twice as high.
*black life expectancy was 7 years less than white people.
*infant mortality rate was twice as high.
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How was de jure and de facto involved?
(Situation in the North)
(Situation in the North)
Progress was being made in the South with de jure rights (laws) but the de facto (reality) in the North remained the same.
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How had the Nation of Islam been boosted?
(Situation in the North)
(Situation in the North)
By the exposure Malcolm X had gained in the 1959 television documentary The Hate that Hate Produced.
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What oppositions were there in terms of civil rights?
*The General Population
*White Citizens' Council
*Third Ku Klux Klan
*Dixiecrats
*White Citizens' Council
*Third Ku Klux Klan
*Dixiecrats
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How were The General Population opposed to civil rights?
Would turn into a mob when riled or manipulated by politicians or the press, often the source of racial chanting. People like Hazel Massery who was pictured hurling abuse at Elizabeth Eckford.
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How were the White Citizens' Council opposed to civil rights?
Informally known as the 'Country Club Klan', the first formed in Greenwood, Mississippi in July 1954 by Robert B Patterson and within months membership reached 60,000. Local and state politicians were included and brought huge influence.
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How was the White Citizens' Council influential?
Middle class included local businessmen, bank managers and newspaper proprietors enabled them to exert economic and propaganda influence, encouraging their employees to join.
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How were The Third Ku Klux Klan opposed to civil rights?
They were directly responsible for a umber of deaths including NAACP organiser Medgar Evers and the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama the same year.
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How were the Dixiecrats opposed to civil rights?
They were devout to obstructing desegregation, this included filibustering, savaging bills in committees and states. Amongst the most vociferous were James Eastland, Strom Thurmond, Richard Russell and Harry Bryd.
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What was Kennedy's response to the events in Birmingham and Washington?
Drafted a Civil Rights Bill-included a promise to give everyone 'the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public'. It was strengthened in the Committee Stage.
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How was the Bill strengthened in the Committee stage?
Emmanuel Celler, a Democrat from New York added provisions that banned racial discrimination in employment, eliminated in segregation in all publicly owned facilities and strengthened anti-segregation clauses.
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What happened when the bill moved to Virginia Dixiecrat Howard W Smith's committe?
Smith made it clear he would do all he could to delay the bill and this is where the bill was languishing when Kennedy was shot.
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What happened on 22nd November 1963?
Kennedy and the first lady were travelling through the Dealey Plaza in Dallas when the motorcade was fired upon. Kennedy was killed.
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Where had the shots been fired from?
A nearby warehouse, some hours after a warehouse employee was arrested-Lee Harvey Oswald- a former marine defected to the Soviet Union in 1959 then back to the US in 1962.
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What happened two days after Oswald's arrest?
While being transferred to another prison, he was shot by Jack Ruby-had mafia connections-Ruby was tried and convicted but died awaiting retrial of cancer.
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What happened on 23rd November 1963?
Kennedy's funeral-an estimates one million lined the streets of Washington DC to observe the funeral procession the next day.
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How did relations with Khrushchev improve after the Missile Crisis?
It led to the signing of a Limited Test Ban Treaty, ratified by Congress in October 1963.
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What was the Limited Test Ban Treaty?
It banned testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, space and underwater.
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What did US triumphalism cost them?
A potentially more malleable relationship with Khrushchev and by October 1964 he had been replaced by Brezhnev.
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What had Kennedy's attempts to rebuild Latin America's relations led to?
The creating of the Peace Corps by Sargent Shriver and the Alliance for Progress.
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What did the Alliance for Progress provide?
$20 billion of US aid over 10 years with a goal of increasing per capita income by 2.5%, establishing democratic governments, eliminating adult illiteracy and promoting land reform.
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What did the Kennedy White House aim to do?
Improve the image of the USA with programmes like 'Food for Peace' which built on Eisenhower's 1954 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act allowing poorer countries to buy surplus US crops in their own currency.
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What did Kennedy do before departing to meet Khrushchev in Vienna?
He gave a speech asking for an extra $1,700 for landing an American on the moon by 1970, this was to become part of his legacy when Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on 21 July 1969.
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What operations did the CIA become involved in?
*September 1960-removal of Patrice Lumumba in Congo
*April 1961-failed Bay of Pigs invasion-Allen Dulles fired
*May 1961-removed Rafael Trujillo
*1963-overhthrew democratically elected Juan Bosch
*April 1961-failed Bay of Pigs invasion-Allen Dulles fired
*May 1961-removed Rafael Trujillo
*1963-overhthrew democratically elected Juan Bosch
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What did Kennedy do in standing up to Khrushchev?
*secured the battle lines in Europe
*contained communism in the Caribbean
*misjudged the situation in Laos and Vietnam, beginning the proxy war which would tear down the perception of US military invincibility.
*contained communism in the Caribbean
*misjudged the situation in Laos and Vietnam, beginning the proxy war which would tear down the perception of US military invincibility.
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What did one of Kennedy's slogan promise?
A Kennedy administration would focus on 'getting America moving again'
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What was a flaw in this slogan promise?
Kennedy inherited a slow recovery and a 6.8% unemployment.
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How was Kennedy's relationship with business a difficult one?
A public dispute with the president of US Steel Rodger Blough over an increase in steel prices, reinforced the impression Kennedy was anti-business.
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By the end of 1962, what was seen to be Kennedy's main area of weakness?
Economic issues
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What were the issues with the economy?
Unemployment stubbornly remained at 6% and the stock market had failed to recover after losing a quarter of its value in the last two years.
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What advice did JFK ignore about the economy?
About the costs of pressing ahead with Medicare, a decision that led several Democrats to turn against the bill, ensuring its defeat in the Senate.
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What did Kennedy propose about taxation?
Proposed a huge cut in income tax in 1963 from a range of 20-91% to 14-65% and a cut to corporate tax from 52% to 47%.
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What was the effect of the proposed tax cuts?
Growth returned in 1963 despite bipartisan Republicans and conservative Democrats in Congress insisting that reducing taxes without making spending cuts was unrealistic.
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What did Kennedy believe about the taxation plans?
He claimed the increased spending from reducing taxes would make tax receipts rise too, claiming 'a rising tide lifts all boats', opinion polls showed over 60% of Americans favoured the tax cuts.
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Who was the CEA?
Council of Economic Advisors
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What did were the CEA aims?
To offer presidents objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of economic policy. Under Kennedy they adopted a Keynesian approach combining public works programmes with providing cheap credit and reducing taxes.
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What did the CEA encourage Kennedy to do?
Adopt a 'New Deal' style spending plan but concerns about potential implications of running a large deficit when the 1964 election was taking place, Kennedy's New Frontier policies were very effective.
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What was Kennedy influenced by?
His friends JK Galbriath's 1958 book The Affluent Society, Kennedy sought to combine growth with social justice.
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What was the situation in the economy by 1966?
Economy had a growth rate of 6.6%, unemployment rate had fallen to 3.8%, the minimum wage had been increased and unemployment benefits were expanded, with a follow on from Eisenhower's highway construction.
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What did Kennedy say at the Economic Club of New York in 1962?
Said he was committed to cutting personal and corporate income taxes as he believed the tax system took away too much purchasing power from individuals and businesses which didn't help the economy.
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What happened in the fiscal year after Kennedy's death with the federal budget?
The deficit shrunk
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What does historian Allen Matusow argue?
Kennedy's tax cuts changed future economic policy for both parties and allowed Republicans to argue tax cuts lead to prosperity. Kennedy's Medicare also created problems in the fact hospitals increased costs as it would be reimbursed by government.
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What was founded in 1944 to campaign for Native American rights?
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
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What was founded in 1961 that meant the NCAI was no longer needed?
The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
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Who was the NIYC founded by?
*Clyde Warrior
*Melvin Thom
*Herbert Blatchford
*Melvin Thom
*Herbert Blatchford
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What did the NIYC do?
They were scathing in their assessment of federal treatment of Native Americans.
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How did the NIYC adapt their tactic to suit their cause?
Organised 'fish-ins' to assert fishing rights given to their ancestors in the 19th century but ignored by landowners.
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What rights group emerged in 1862?
Hispanic rights group
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How was the Hispanic rights group formed?
When Cesar Chavez formed the United Farm Workers union.
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What did the United Farm Workers union allow?
Mexican-American labourers to protest against their working conditions.
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What was the most significant movement in Kennedy's presidency?
The feminist movement
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Who persuaded Kennedy to set up a commission?
(Women)
(Women)
Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
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What was the commission called?
(Women)
(Women)
The Presidential Commission of the Status of Women
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What did the commission find?
(Women)
(Women)
*35% of managers were men.
*4% of lawyers and 7% of doctors were women.
*women earned around 55% of the wages of men while doing the same as men.
*when reaching the age of 35 or if married, stewardesses were fired.
*4% of lawyers and 7% of doctors were women.
*women earned around 55% of the wages of men while doing the same as men.
*when reaching the age of 35 or if married, stewardesses were fired.
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What was the most significant development in the feminist movement?
(Women)
(Women)
The publishing of a book by Betty Friedman called 'The Feminine Mystique'-she questioned why educated women were so disillusioned in the US.
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What did Betty Friedman find about the lives of women?
(Women)
(Women)
The return of soldiers from the war led women to be removed from the workforce to provide jobs for men.
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What did the baby boom mean for women?
(Women)
(Women)
It meant many women had very little time or energy to think through what they had lost at the end of the war.
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What did Kennedy introduce as part of his policies that would benefit women?
(Women)
(Women)
An Equal Pay Act which was signed into law in June 1963.
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What did the Equal Pay Act do?
(Women)
(Women)
It banned sexual discrimination in many, but not all, professions in terms of wages but no mention of the Equal Rights Amendment which continued to be a key issue for feminists.
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What was the growth of young people as a demographic a result of?
(Youth)
(Youth)
Of the consumer boom, offering increased independence through part-time jobs and a voice, in the form of music, film and fashion, to express their discontent.
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What began to develop in the major cities?
(Youth)
(Youth)
Gangs-sometimes linked by ethnicity as in the black gangs in Los Angeles and Harlem. They were also linked to fashion like the Greasers, a WC youth subculture that originated among teenagers in the North-Eastern and Southern US portrayed in the film Greas
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What was the formation of the SNCC one of the first instances of?
(Youth)
(Youth)
Of organised youth protest and the politicisation of many young people was a feature of the Kennedy presidency.
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What did Kennedy's own youth and rhetorical skill create?
(Youth)
(Youth)
An environment in which it seemed anything was possible, and there was a sense of change that always comes with the start of a new decade.
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What did Kennedy inspire many groups to do?
(Youth)
(Youth)
To make demands but he lacked both the political capital and time to fulfil those made.
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What did Kennedy's Administration highlight?
Just how far the American Dream was from at least half of the American population.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How many votes did Kennedy win the election by?
Back
119,450
(0.19% of the popular vote)
(0.19% of the popular vote)
Card 3
Front
What were Kennedy's strengths?
Back
Card 4
Front
What were Nixon's strengths?
Back
Card 5
Front
How many votes did psephologists believe Kennedy's Catholicism lose him?
Back
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