Irrational beliefs
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- Created by: maisiewillmoth
- Created on: 26-02-19 19:37
Popular irrational beliefs?
Friday 13th, avoiding walking under ladders
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Rational thoughts...
idea that we have goals, purposes and value
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what do they underlie?
our attempt to be happy & satisfied
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we think, feel and behave in ways that what...
facilitate poursuit of these goals
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How do we act?
self-helpfully
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An irrational belief is a belief that is...
flexible, non-extreme, and logical
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Are irrational beliefs on the increase?
Yes
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Irrational beliefs block what? according to Frogatt 2005...
achievement of goals
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what do they create?
extreme emotions
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what do they distort?
reality
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they are an illogical way of
evaluating others and the world
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do they negatively or positively affect our lives?
negatively
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They are said to be...
rigid, extreme, illogical
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Who developed rational-emotive behaviour therapy in the 1950's?
Albert Ellis
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What does the therapeutic aim to inspire?
emotional growth
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how is it orientated?
action orientated
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What is the main purpose of it?
to identify self-defeating
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what is the idea of it?
to replace irrational beliefs with rational ones
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what does it empower people to do?
change and overcome unhealthy behaviour and thoughts
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According to Grieger and Boyd in 1980 what is it essentially?
humanistic
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why?
as it aims to promote human fulfilment through reason and scientific method
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Why is it a vicious circle?
because it goes round in a circle through thoughts, emotions and behaviour
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example of thoughts?
think people don't like you at work
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Emotions...
feel disappointed, perhaps resentful
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Behaviour...
act differently around them, perhaps becoming withdrawn and antisocial
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what does REBT work on the premises of?
if irrational beliefs/ thoughts cause much of our problems, then these are what needs to be changed
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What is the model used for human disturbance?
ABC model
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what does A stand for?
Activating experience- e.g. losing job, family problems
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What does B Stand for?
Beliefs e.g. beliefs, values, purposes about what happened to us at A
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what does C stand for?
Consequences e.g. depression, anxiety, anger
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Example of ABC model in action, using a friend...
A - friend passes and ignores you, B- believe friend doesn't like you, C- worthless as a person
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Eliss 1991 - formation of irrational beliefs?
people begin life rational, learning experiences make us irrational
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what is our belief system due to?
biological inheritance and learning
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Must-urbatory thinking and disturbance is what?
a need to constantly use must, e.g. I must be loved, I must be happy
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Grieger & Boyd - 1980, and Ellis - 1991 identified what
the most profound types of 'crooked thinking'
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or what?
cognitive slippage
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what does it result in?
self-defeating consequences
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what isa absolutistic evaluations?
shoulds, oughts, musts, commands, demands
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Must-urbations is the idea of thinking...
awfulising, low frustration tolerance, and damnation
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what do the previous occur in response to?
typically negative activating experience
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which part of Ellis' ABC model is represented in this?
B
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what do they take the form of?
'must' statements
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what doesn't it acknowledge?
preferences, limitations, realistic explanation
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what does it make unreasonable demands on?
self & others
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how many aspects can most of these thinking errors be considered within?
3 - according to Ellis 1987
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what are the 3 aspects?
ignoring positive, exaggerating negative and overgeneralising
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how many beliefs did Ellis believe there to be?
12
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Example?
'I should be thoroughly competent, intelligent and achieving in all possible respects'
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what is the rational approach to this?
it is better to do, rather than always need to do well - we are all imperfect and characterised by limitations
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example 2?
'It is horrible when things are not the way I like them to be'
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What is the rational approach to this?
when something is not going the desired way, try to change or control bad conditions so they become more satisfactory, or if that is not possible, temporarily accept their existence
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how do irrational beliefs relate to individual differences?
REBT based on how we emotionally respond to activating events
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what is this dependent on?
views, beliefs, thoughts and/ or interpretations of situation
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what do these produce?
a variety of responses, some helpful, some self-defeating
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What does REBT indicate?
how people differ relating to core construct of irrational beliefs
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Who spoke about irrational beliefs and MH?
Froggatt 2005, 2006
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what did he say irrational beliefs can lead to?
high levels of anxiety, depression, phobias, social dysfunction, anger, guilt & jealousy
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How did David & Zighelboim in 1987 say irrational beliefs impacted anxiety?
those who feel anxious in social situations expressed more irrational thoughts than did controls
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what was the experiment?
P's had to verbalise thoughts when listening to tape of imagine people talking about them vs. people talking about innocuous content
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more evidence?
Chang and D'Zurilla 1996
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what did they say?
irrational beliefs and anxiety and depression; specific irrational belief uniquely correlated with both and & depression symptoms
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Examples of superstitious beliefs
Broken mirror, black cat
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Definition of superstitious rituals in sport?
unusual, repetitive, rigid beh perceived to have P effect by actor - in reality no causal link between beh and outcome of event (Womack, 1992)
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What is the illusion of control? Langer 1977
people carry out superstitious behaviour in order to influence situations - have no control
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Superstition in sport according to Schippers & Van Lange 2006
people became more superstitious when uncertainty and importance of game is higher
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what did players with external LOC have?
greater levels of ritual commitment than internal LOC
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What did Ellis say about belief in the supernatural?
it was irrational as represents dependence on power of above and beyond humans
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what did he say about those who believe?
suffer from poor psychological adjustment
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i.e.?
lower self-esteem, higher anxiety, more suggestible
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Who found this?
Roig et al., 1998 and Tobacyk & Shrader 1991
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Dag 1999 may develop in and individuals with...
strong need for control, who attempt to overcome uncertainties in life
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What did Ellis say about a belief in religion?
an irrational belief as is belief in supernatural
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what is the aim of psychotherapy for irrational beliefs?
to help p's become less hostile, and and develop set of qualities/ personality characteristics
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what do they angle them to develop?
into healthy & mature individuals
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what do characteristics include?
1. acceptance of uncertainty, 2. self-direction, 3. Tolerance, 4. Self-interest, 5. flexibility, 6. self-acceptance
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What is acceptance of uncertainty?
accepting that we live in a world of chance, no absolute certainties
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what is self-direction?
taking responsibility & working out problems independently
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what is tolerance?
allowing other people to be wrong and make mistakes
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what is self-interest?
being able to reflect on own true thoughts/ feelings/ ambitions and avoid sacrificing own interest for others
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what is flexibility?
intellectual F/ openness to change/ view word as comprising infinitely varied people, ideas & things as positive; qualities that don't reflect bigotry
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what is self-acceptance?
gladness to be alive, acceptance of oneself and belief in power to enjoy life and create happiness
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Who spoke about religion in 1958?
English and English
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what did they say religion was?
a system of beliefs, individual or community put themselves in relation to go or supernatural world and often to each other
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Ellis' case against religion...
religion always includes deity of some form
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why?
supernatural being worshipped for controlling some part of world or aspect of life
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What does religion undermine?
Mental health - as it doesn't promote the six personality characteristics
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According to Ellis, religion relates to 6 personality characteristics in the following way...
1. acceptance of uncertainty, 2. self-direction, 3. tolerance
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what is acceptance of uncertainty?
religion encourages people to believe in mystical certainties e.g. that there is a god, this god is all powerful, all seeing and there I life after death
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what is self-direction?
if a person is true to their religious beliefs, they must follow and listen to the word of their god first and clergy second - encourages dependency
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what is tolerance?
a trait that the firmly religious cannot possess/ encourage - as word of a god and clergy are usually presented as the absolute truth
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How does personality relate?
1. self-interest, 2. flexibility, 3. self-acceptance
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what is self-interest?
Ellis suggests religion is not primarily interested in person, it is 'god-interest'
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what is flexibility with regards to religion?
religion = not tolerable of ambiguity, discussion/ debate - but is presented as universal truths about the world
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what is self acceptance with regards to religion?
religious person cannot ever fully accept themselves and be satisfied and happy just because they are alive
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Ellis 1980 suggested religion promotes how many irrational beliefs?
5
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number 1?
certain people are bad, wicked and villainous, and should be severely blamed and punished for sins
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2?
human unhappiness is externally caused, people have little/ no ability to control sorrows or rid themselves of negative feelings
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3?
must be thoroughly competent, adequate and achieving in all possible respects, otherwise you are worthless
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4?
it is horrible, terrible and catastrophic when things are not going the way you would like them to go
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5?
necessary to be love/ approved by all sig figures in your life
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Case against Ellis?
religion as irrational belief is questionable, consider findings within individual differences research
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who spoke about intrinsic religiosity in 1967?
Allport & Ross 1967
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and what did they say?
being firmly committed to religious beliefs, living these beliefs in manner that reflects influence of their religion in every aspect of their life
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what did they say religion was an end in?
itself - intrinsically religious people view religion very seriously and the belief system is central to their lives
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what does extensive research findings indicate?
that intrinsic religiosity is beneficial for MH
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who found that?
Park, Cohen and Herb, 1990; Genia 1996, Genia and Shaw 1991, Koenig 1995
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more intrinsically religious the lower the...
depression - Genia and Shaw 1991
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intrinsic religiosity - religious coping...
Pargament 1998 explored religious coping and ways religious person uses religion to death with stressful events life
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what are the two main aspects to religious coping?
P&N religious coping
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What is positive religious coping?
a positive response to stress; deeply personal & involves some aspect of religious growth e.g. acceptance
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What is negative religious coping?
Person interpreting stress as a punishment from God and may often lead to the person questioning God's power
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Who explored extrinsic religiosity?
Allport 1966
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What did he say?
utilising religion for participation in a powerful in-group, social status, protection and consolation
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what does this mean?
they turn to religion for relief, comfort and protection and use religious practices e.g. prayer for happiness and peace of mind
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what does this mean in regards to going to church?
because you think you have no choice and it is correct to do so
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why is this extrinsic?
it relates to negative experience
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Genia & Shaw 1991 said extrinsic religiosity was positively correlated with?
depression r=.24
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Extrinsic religiosity is not doing it for self but for what?
community, society etc.
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is this psychologically harmful?
yes
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Maltby and Day 2003 found
Negative religious coping was related to higher depression, anxiety, social dysfunction, somatic symptoms, stress and negative affect
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what do these results mean?
intrinsic & positive religious coping go hand in hand and represent adaptive approach to religion
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overview of intrinsic
real and useful commitment to religion through which P is P engages in religion and able to understand life's hardships
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what does positive religion involve?
the individual responding positively and actively making plans to deal with the stressor
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what do intrinsically religious people arguable possess?
self-interest, self-direction and self-acceptance
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people with extrinsic orientations towards religion are what...
not seen as using their religion to its full potential
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what do they use religion and their belief in God to do what?
provide themselves with protection and consolation, or to become part of a social circle
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what does this mean about the person's religious beliefs?
they are not fulfilling
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Who conceptualised Quest religiosity in 1976?
Batson
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What did Batson & Ventis 1982 do?
quest characterised the extent to which a person's religion includes 'open ended, responsive dialogue with existential questions raised by contradictions and tragedies of life'
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what does this involve?
a person 'questioning' and seeing enlightenment within their religion
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what is there a lack of?
research
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however, what do findings indicate in general?
individuals with quest religiosity possess better MH than those with extrinsic, but poorer than intrinsic
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what does it incorporate elements of?
flexibility and acceptance of uncertainty
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overall points...
Ellis views religion as neurosis that goes hand in hand with basic irrational beliefs
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however, what does evident suggests
religion is not always irrational or neurotic and doesn't inevitably result in lower MH
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different arguments exist in terms of religion failing to promote...
self-interest, self-directedness, tolerance, acceptance of uncertainty, flexibility and self-acceptance
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all of the before appear to be features of
intrinsic religiosity and quest religiosity
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Rational thoughts...
Back
idea that we have goals, purposes and value
Card 3
Front
what do they underlie?
Back
Card 4
Front
we think, feel and behave in ways that what...
Back
Card 5
Front
How do we act?
Back
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