Individual differences
5.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
- Created by: maryellis
- Created on: 27-05-24 12:35
What are inner qualities?
Essential features of a person, at least partly latent and hidden.
1 of 184
What is the universal level of analysis?
Overall claims, characterising people in terms of always true or generally true.
2 of 184
what is the idiographic level of analysis?
individual claims, characterising people using unique dimensions
3 of 184
What does a grand theory do?
Aim to give a complete and internally consistent account of human nature, more theory and less evidence.
4 of 184
what is a piecemeal theory?
aims to give a partial and externally consistent account of human nature, less theory and more evidence.
5 of 184
What is an implicit theory?
more internally digestible, subjective and simplistic
6 of 184
Traits tend to be ____ distributed and types tend to be ____ distributed.
normally, bimodally
7 of 184
Which model did Eysenck come up with?
2 and 3 factor model
8 of 184
what did Eysenck add to his 2 factor model to get the 3 factor model?
Psychoticism
9 of 184
What did Eysenck believe about introverts and extroverts?
Extroverts need more stimulation to achieve optimal cortical arousal.
10 of 184
What did Eysenck believe about neurotics?
They possess a more unstable autonomic nervous system
11 of 184
What level of analysis was a lot of Freuds theory?
Universal
12 of 184
What is 'dreamwork' (Freud)?
The mind turning unacceptable urges into acceptable dreams to protect the mind from wandering into dark things.
13 of 184
What did Freud say about Libido (the sexual drive of adults)?
It also operated in childhood and is the urge for sexual gratification
14 of 184
What were the features of the structural model of the mind (Freud)?
Id, Ego and superego
15 of 184
What are the features of the topical model of the mind(Freud)?
theory of psychosexual development and defence mechanisms
16 of 184
According to the theory of psychosexual development what do infants start of as?
Polymorphously perverse
17 of 184
What is the main defence mechanism according to Freud?
Regression
18 of 184
What is polymorphously perverse?
When pleasure comes from any part of the body being stimulated.
19 of 184
According to clinical applications of Freudian theory, what is catharsis?
Remembering the original cause of the trauma.
20 of 184
According to clinical applications of Freudian theory, what is abreaction?
A type of emotional release that offers symptomatic release.
21 of 184
What part of Freuds theory did post-Freudians agree on?
the unconscious and defence mechanisms
22 of 184
What did Adler do differently to Freud?
Focused on the whole person and stressed the social context broadly.
23 of 184
What reason did Adler give for the development of an inferiority complex?
Failing to get over the inferiority that we have as infants.
24 of 184
According to Adler what introduces the child to social life and puts pressure on them the achieve - giving them an inferiority complex?
The mother
25 of 184
How many Adlerian personality types are there?
4
26 of 184
What are key traits of the 'ruling' Adlerian personality type?
Lacks social interest, intense striving for personal superiority and power. Tries to exploit others and is emotionally manipulative.
27 of 184
What are the key traits of the 'avoiding' Adlerian trait?
Lacks the necessary confidence to solve their problems, will try to pretend the problem doesn't exist or try to claim its not their problem.
28 of 184
What are the key traits of the 'getting' Adlerian type?
Relatively passive and makes little effort to solve their problems. They use their charm to get others to do things for them.
29 of 184
How many key Jungian archetypes are there?
5
30 of 184
What is the 'persona' Jungian archetype?
The mask or role we adapt to help us deal with other people. Helps us disguise our inner feelings and respond in socially appropriate ways.
31 of 184
What is the 'shadow' Jungian archtype?
The dark sinister side of our nature consisting of repressed material in our personal unconscious and universal images of evil from our collective unconscious. It is expressed in unexplained moods, such as uncontrollable anger and the desire to hurt other
32 of 184
What is the 'anima' Jungian archetype?
The feminine element of the male psyche consisting f inherited ideas of what constitutes woman, derived from a mans experience of women throughout evolution and their experience of their mother.
33 of 184
What is the 'animus' Jungian archetype?
The male element of the female psyche, primarily derived from women's evolutionary experience of men and of their father. Helps males and females understand each other better.
34 of 184
What is the 'self' Jungian archetype?
The potential we have to achieve the unique individuality that is within us, like Adler's goal of perfection. We reach it through a process of individuation.
35 of 184
How many personality types did Jung propose?
4
36 of 184
What is Jung's 'sensing' personality type?
Where we experience stimuli without any evaluation. We register that it is light for example or a man walking up to the front door - we simply register that something is present.
37 of 184
What is Jung's 'feeling' personality type?
Involves evaluating the desirability or worth of what has been presented. Eg we might be happy and full of anticipation when we recognise that the man coming up the path is the postman.
38 of 184
What is Jung's 'thinking' personality type?
involved interpreting stimuli using reason and logic
39 of 184
What is Jung's 'intuitive' personality type?
when we relate to the world with a minimum of interpretation and reasoning - instead we form hunches or have premonitions.
40 of 184
What are the traits of someone who has an 'extroverted sensing' personality type?
Reality oriented and typically shun thinking and contemplation. Act rather than think and are pleasure seeking and sociable - keen to enjoy the good things in life.
41 of 184
What are the traits of someone who has an introverted sensing personality type?
Tend to be very sensitive and may often seem to overreact to outside stimuli. May take harmless comments from others and turn them into something sinister. Tend to be calm and passive and may be artistic.
42 of 184
What are the traits of someone who has an extroverted thinking personality type?
Tries to be objective and guided by the facts of the situation, repressing emotional responses and being guided by the rules. They may neglect the more spiritual and aesthetic side of their natures and neglect friendships.
43 of 184
What are the personality traits of someone with an introverted thinking personality type?
Are very private people, often ill at ease socially. They tend to be intellectual and repress their feelings. They are very involved in their inner world and may appear cold and aloof.
44 of 184
What are the personality traits of someone with an extroverted feeling personality type?
They tend to be conventional and the expectations of others strongly influence their feelings and behaviour. They are sociable and respect authority and tradition.
45 of 184
What are the traits of someone with an introverted feeling personality type?
Tend to be quiet, thoughtful and difficult to get to know - they may seem mysterious. They're not very involved in others but feel things very intensely. Often better with animals than people.
46 of 184
What are the traits of someone with extroverted intuitive personality type?
Very creative and excited by new things, and keen to exploit all opportunities. Tendency to follow their hunches rather than to decide on the basis of facts.
47 of 184
What are the traits of someone with introverted intuitive personality type?
May seem very withdrawn from the world and uninterested in it, appearing to be dreamers. May come up with unusual ideas but communicate poorly.
48 of 184
According to Jung what did dreams represent?
The problem solving attempts by the unconscious.
49 of 184
What are Jung's 4 stages of therapy?
Confession, elucidation, education and transformation
50 of 184
What is trace conditioning?
The conditioned stim occurs and ends before the unconditioned stim. Therefore the unconditioned stim may be associated only with the memory of the conditioned stim.
51 of 184
What is an example of a naturally conditioned reflex
Food aversion
52 of 184
What did Watson propose personality was?
A collection of learned habits
53 of 184
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect
Responses to a situation which are followed by something rewarding it will be strengthened and become a habitual response to that situation
54 of 184
What is positive reinforcement?
a behaviour is followed by the addition of a pleasant stim thereby increasing the frequency of the behaviour.
55 of 184
What is negative reinforcement?
A behaviour is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stim thereby increasing the behaviours frequency.
56 of 184
What is positive punishment?
A behaviour is followed by the addition of an unpleasant stim thereby decreasing the frequency of the behaviour.
57 of 184
What is negative punishment?
A behaviour is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stim thereby increasing the behaviours frequency.
58 of 184
What is continuous reinforcement?
desired response is reinforced every time it occurs, until behaviour is mastered.
59 of 184
What is inclusive fitness?
When organisms maximise replications of their genes not only directly by reproduction but also indirectly by helping those that they share genes with.
60 of 184
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
Integrates many processes from other brain regions, damage to it disrupts a persons ability to synthesise these things and produce organised behaviour.
61 of 184
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Automatically coordinates all the limb and muscle movements.
62 of 184
What's the function of the occipital lobe?
Processes info from the eyes and turns it into meaningful pictures.
63 of 184
What's the function of the cerebrum?
Controls voluntary movement, emotions and does the thinking.
64 of 184
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Controls the ability to speak
65 of 184
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Where signals from the ears are processed and is responsible for hearing.
66 of 184
What is the function of the Pons?
Controls involuntary activities in the body like breathing and heart rate.
67 of 184
What is the function of the brain stem?
collects all the body controlling messages from the brain and passes them to the rest of the body.
68 of 184
What does an EEG measure?
The electrical activity of the brain. Electrodes attached to the scalp record electrical activity of neurons.
69 of 184
What does a MEG scan measure?
The magnetic fields created by the electrical activity of the brain
70 of 184
What is a CAT scan ?
A computerised assembly of different x-ray images taken from a series of different angles.
71 of 184
What does a PET scan measure?
Measures the emissions of positrons from the brain after a small amount of radioactive isotopes or tracers have been injected into the bloodstream.
72 of 184
What is a MRI scan?
When a strong magnetic field is passed through the brain and can detect radiation that is present in different concentrations in different tissues.
73 of 184
What is a fMRI scan?
Produces images of activated brain regions by detecting the indirect effects of neural activity on local blood volume, flow and oxygenation saturation.
74 of 184
What is a NIRS
A spectroscopic method using near infra-red. Can be used for non-invasive assessment of the brain by detecting changes in blood haemoglobin concentrations associated with neural activity.
75 of 184
According to Eysenck's theory what does the ARAS regulate?
Neural mechanisms
76 of 184
If you are lacking stimulation from the ARAS, what are you more likely to be?
Extroverted
77 of 184
Is the ARAS involved in maintaining the sleep/wake cycle?
Yes
78 of 184
Greater emotional lability =
More neurotic
79 of 184
Greater emotional stability =
less neurotic
80 of 184
According to Grey's theory what is BAS?
The go, get reward system that causes one to be both sensitive to potential punishment and motivated to avoid this.
81 of 184
In Cloninger's biological model of personality, how many temperament domains are there?
4
82 of 184
What is the novelty seeking character domain?
Connected with impulsive behaviour and high activation level. Is associated with dopamine level.
83 of 184
What is the harm avoidance temperament domain?
Reflects tendency to be cautious, fearful and tense. connected to behaviour inhibition and and connected to serotonin.
84 of 184
What is the reward dependence temperament domain of personality?
Reflects friendliness and tendency to seek social approval. Connected with behaviour maintenance and norepinephrine.
85 of 184
What is the persistence temperament domain of personality?
Reflects tendency to persevere in behaviour despite obstacles, tiredness and frustration.
86 of 184
What is self-directedness as a character domain of personality?
Reflects an individuals beliefs about how independent they are, their self esteem and self reliance and ability to adapt their behaviour in accord with individually chosen goals.
87 of 184
What is cooperativeness as a character domain of personality?
Connected with empathy, compassion, helpfulness and morality.
88 of 184
What is self-transcendence as a character domain of personality?
Connected with mystical experiences, faith and spirituality.
89 of 184
What do people with a more right wing outlook on traits believe?
Genes have a bigger influence and free will has a role.
90 of 184
What is a genome?
Your complete DNA or the average DNA for a species.
91 of 184
What is genotype?
An organisms complete set of genes.
92 of 184
What is heredity?
The passing on of phenotypic characteristics to offspring
93 of 184
What is inheritance?
The biological mechanism of heredity.
94 of 184
What is shared environment?
The characteristics that are common to the environment of different people.
95 of 184
What is non shared environment?
The characteristics that are unique to the environment of different people.
96 of 184
What is Kelly's constructive alternativism?
We construct reality idiosyncratically so one persons isn't the same as another's.
97 of 184
What is a fundamental postulate?
A persons processes are psychologically channelised by the ways in which they anticipate evens.
98 of 184
What is the construction corollary?
A person anticipates events by construing their replications - they expect the future to be like the past and prior theory yields prediction.
99 of 184
What is the dichotomy corollary?
To understand the world we break it up into bipolar constructs. A persons construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs.
100 of 184
What is the range of convenience corollary?
A construct is convenient for the anticipation of the finite range of events only. No construct does everything.
101 of 184
What is the organisation corollary?
Each person characteristically evolves for their convenience in anticipating events a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs. This relationship between constructs can be tight, loose or no relationship.
102 of 184
What is the individuality corollary?
To the extent that someone employs a construction of experience which is similar to that of another. This plays a role in the social process involving the other person.
103 of 184
What is the commonality corollary?
To the extent that someone employs a construction of experience which is similar to that of another. This plays a role in the social process involving the other person.
104 of 184
What is the fragmentation corollary?
A person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other. The subsystem is imperfect and personality is inconsistent.
105 of 184
What is the experience corollary?
To the extent that someone employs a construction of experience which is similar to that of another. This plays a role in the social process involving the other person.
106 of 184
What is the modulation corollary?
The variation in a persons construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variance lie.
107 of 184
What is the choice corollary?
A person chooses for themself that alternative in a dichotomised construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extensions and definitions of their system. Choose the alternative that best eleborate's or consolidates.
108 of 184
What is the premise of Ellis's REBT theory?
Neurosis is a result of irrationality and curing irrationality cures neurosis. Flawed processing leads to irrational beliefs.
109 of 184
What was Ellis's view on religion?
It was rule bound and overly critical as it deals in sin.
110 of 184
Why does intelligence matter?
In reality as it reflects your actual capabilities.
111 of 184
What are implicit theories?
What non-experts think
112 of 184
What are explicit theories?
What experts think
113 of 184
What are western ideas of intelligent behaviour?
Practical problem solving, verbal ability, social competence
114 of 184
What are western ideas of intelligent traits?
Goal directed, fluid thought, pattern perception adapts to environment
115 of 184
What are eastern ideas of behavioural intelligence?
Intrapersonal awareness, traditional wisdom, collectivism, maintain harmony and shared cognition.
116 of 184
What are eastern ideas of intelligent traits?
Humility and interpersonal skills.
117 of 184
What did Weschler consider intelligence to be?
A global concept that involves an individuals ability to act purposefully, think rationally and deal effectively with the environment.
118 of 184
What did Gardner consider intelligence to be?
The ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or more settings.
119 of 184
What was Aristotle's theory of intelligence?
Unconscious processing is a big feature of the mind and the unconscious is only a small feature.
120 of 184
What is Galton's theory of intelligence?
Measuring things like reaction time is important as dull sense equate to a dull mind.
121 of 184
What is Yerkes's 'alpha battery'?
Mathematical and linguistic - seemed to rely on main specific knowledge.
122 of 184
What is Yerkes 'beta battery'?
Looked at performance and practical ability.
123 of 184
What is Spearman's theory of intelligence?
Looked at how mental abilities relate to each other, used factor analysis to find out the basic factors underlying personality. Thought general intelligence underlie performance on specific intelligence tasks.
124 of 184
What is Weschler's theory of intelligence?
Developed WAIS and WISC and used various predictor tasks to study intelligence for example perceptual ability. Determined no correlation between intelligence and gender.
125 of 184
What is Cattell's 'crystallised intelligence'?
Acquired, culture based knowledge like maths. Increases into late adulthood.
126 of 184
What is Cattell's 'fluid intelligence'?
Abstract relations private capacity - how quickly things get done. This peaks in early childhood.
127 of 184
What is Raven's theory of intelligence?
Looked at whether general intelligence had anything to do with abstract pattern recognition using progressive matrices. Intelligence not knowledge based.
128 of 184
What is Thurstone's theory of intelligence?
No evidence for general intelligence and instead identified 7 primary mental abilities that were all conceptually separate from each other.
129 of 184
What is Cattell's theory of intelligence?
Made a distinction between crystallised and fluid intelligence, different disciplines draw on each and each of them peak at different ages.
130 of 184
What is Guilford's theory of intelligence?
Took a factorial view and looked at intelligence as one big analysis of variance with 5 operations, 5 concepts and 6 products.
131 of 184
What is Vernon's theory of intelligence?
We don't just have general knowledge and specific abilities (performance on tests) but there is also intermediate abilities.
132 of 184
What is Gardner's theory of intelligence?
Theory of multiple intelligences and defines intelligence as something that is not sensory. Distinct intelligences; bodily kinaesthetic, intrapersonal, naturist and existentialist.
133 of 184
What is Sternberg' theory of intelligence?
Triarchic theory - personality is made up of - analytic, practical and creative.
134 of 184
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, what is bodily kinaesthetic?
Ability to dance or move phsyically as a sports person.
135 of 184
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, what is intrapersonal?
Understanding oneself
136 of 184
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, what is naturist?
Affinity for nature
137 of 184
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, what is existentialistic?
Seeing the big picture
138 of 184
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory what is analytic? `
Internal mechanisms
139 of 184
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory what is practical?
Application in the real world
140 of 184
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory what is creative?
Making something new
141 of 184
What is psychometric 'mind measuring' about?
Quantifying performance and trying to understand the structure of different mental abilities.
142 of 184
What is the cognitive approach to interpreting intelligence?
Trying to understand fundamental processes underlying intelligence and aims to describe a well as explain.
143 of 184
In an intelligence test what is a simple reaction time?
When the stimulus appears and you just have to respond.
144 of 184
In an intelligence test what is choice reaction time?
When you have to respond if one stimulus appears and not another.
145 of 184
What was Chris Langen's IQ?
190-210
146 of 184
What is re-norming?
Making sure the deviation IQs change in line with the changing samples of people.
147 of 184
What is the Flynn effect?
When the old version of a test was given to younger people they tended to perform better than the older generation had.
148 of 184
How many IQ points were gained every generation according to the Flynn effect?
15
149 of 184
What influence does the Flynn effect illustrate?
Nurture
150 of 184
Why did Flynn say that culture is getting more complex?
We are getting more cognitive stimulation
151 of 184
What point did Brown and Pollitt (1996) make about nutrition's influence on intelligence?
Malnutrition can impair brain function and IQ in the long term.
152 of 184
Why does family environment have an effect on intelligence?
Smart parents speak more intelligently to their children which makes the children smarter.
153 of 184
What have studies shown about Adler's theory of birth orders effects on personality?
Birth order has no effect on personality
154 of 184
What have studies shown about the effects of birth order on intelligence?
It has some effect - first born children tend to be smarter.
155 of 184
What happens to the quality of reproductive cells as you get older?
The quality decreases as they accumulate mutations.
156 of 184
For whom does the quality of reproductive cells decline faster?
Men
157 of 184
What does resource dilution model (Adler's birth order theory) suggest?
First born children are smarter
158 of 184
What is Salovey and Mayer's (1990) ability model?
EQ is the ability to perceive emotions, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions and to regulate emotions to promote personal growth.
159 of 184
What did Chris Langden lack that demonstrates that IQ isn't entirely predictive of EQ.
Emotional intelligence
160 of 184
What is Goldmans hierarchal model of emotional intelligence?
If the emotions are very strong the amygdala starts firing and the rest of the brain can't cope so the effect of the amygdala predominates the frontal lobes.
161 of 184
How does Goldman's model of emotional intelligence differ from Salovey's?
Managing ones emotional states is at the top of Salovey's but Goldman puts it fairly low.
162 of 184
What are the 5 skills in Bar-On's evolutionary model of emotional intelligence?
Intrapersonal skills, interpersonal skills, adaptability, stress management and general mood.
163 of 184
In whose approach did it appear women have higher IQ than men?
Salovey and Mayer's
164 of 184
In Bar-On's model of emotional intelligence, which area did women out perform men on?
Interpersonal skills
165 of 184
What did McCann find when they measured IQ and personality?
EQ predicts things above and beyond IQ and personality.
166 of 184
What are the preconditions for validity?
Discrimination, reliability and structure
167 of 184
What is a systematic error?
When the scores have a bias that is pushing scores to either be too high or too low (directional confound)
168 of 184
What is random error?
When there's lots of unknown miscellaneous influences that push scores all over the place.
169 of 184
What is the correct order of the standard stages of making a psychometric test?
Item design, item analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, scale validation
170 of 184
How many response options are optimal in a psychometric test?
5-7
171 of 184
What does having a neutral option in a questionnaire do?
Increases accuracy but also laziness. Overall doesn't make much difference.
172 of 184
Why should an item on a test discriminate between different people?
We want to find out the variation between people
173 of 184
Should items on a test intercorrelate?
Yes - but not perfectly
174 of 184
Is it possible for a scale to measure two things?
Yes
175 of 184
What does factor analysis aim to find?
Where correlations clump together and how the factors correlate
176 of 184
What are the three stages of factor analysis?
Factor extraction, factor rotation and factor interpretation
177 of 184
What can factor analysis be done using?
Both
178 of 184
What is factor rotation?
Use orthogonal rotation which assumes factors are independent. The solution is more interpretable.
179 of 184
What is oblique rotation?
Allows factors to be correlated and the solution is less interpretable.
180 of 184
What is confirmatory factor analysis?
Hypothesising links between variables and check how well it fits the data.
181 of 184
What is associative scale validation?
Shows the external links it should (convergent validity)
182 of 184
What is dissociative scale validation?
Doesn't show the links it shouldn't (divergent validity)
183 of 184
How do you get concurrent validity?
Measure your scale and another scale at the same time.
184 of 184
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the universal level of analysis?
Back
Overall claims, characterising people in terms of always true or generally true.
Card 3
Front
what is the idiographic level of analysis?
Back
Card 4
Front
What does a grand theory do?
Back
Card 5
Front
what is a piecemeal theory?
Back
Similar Psychology resources:
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made