Immune Response
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- Created by: evepoag
- Created on: 21-10-22 17:08
What does the immune system protect against?
Pathogenic microorganisms
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Name the white blood cells involved in immunity
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes
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These white blood cells create an immune response. They do this by releasing and responding to what?
Cytokines
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Name the 2 types of immunity
Acquired
Innate
Innate
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Antibodies are immunoglobulins (Ig).
These immunoglobulins are made up of glycoproteins produced by which cells?
These immunoglobulins are made up of glycoproteins produced by which cells?
Plasma B cells
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Plasma B cells producing immunoglobulins is part of which type of immune response?
Acquired immune response
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How do immunoglobulins work?
They recognise and bind to antigens and aid in their destruction
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What type of immunoglobulin is most abundant, found in bodily fluids, and protects against bacterial and viral infections?
IgG
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What type of immunoglobulin is highly found in the mucous membranes of the linings of the respiratory, urogenital and GI tracts, saliva, tears, and protect against pathogens?
IgA
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What type of immunoglobulin is found in blood and lymph fluid, and fights new infections?
IgM
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What type of immunoglobulin is associated with allergic reactions?
IgE
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What type of immunoglobulin is found in small amounts in the blood and is least understood, but is believed to be involved in B cell activation?
IgD
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What can inappropriate immune responses cause?
Hypersensitivity or deficiencies in immunity and inflammation
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How can hypersensitivity cause allergies?
Immune response will be exaggerated, causing a hypersensitivity against environmental antigens
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How can hypersensitivity cause autoimmunity?
Immune responses can be misdirected against the host's own immune cells (self-antigen)
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How can hypersensitivity cause alloimmunity?
Immune responses can be directed against beneficial foreign tissues
eg: transplants, transfusion
eg: transplants, transfusion
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How can hypersensitivity cause an immune deficiency?
Immune responses can be insufficient for protection
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What is immunity?
Protective responses to antigens
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What is an antigen?
A substance recognised by the immune system as foreign or non-self, which causes immune system to produce antibodies against it
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What is hypersensitivity?
An alter immune response to an antigen resulting in disease or damage to the host
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Name 4 infectious agents
Virus, bacteria, fungi, parasite
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Name a few non-infectious environmental agents
Pollen, food, bee venom
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What are the 2 classifications of hypersensitive reactions?
1. Hypersensitive reactions caused by a trigger
2. Hypersensitive reactions caused by the mechanism that causes disease
2. Hypersensitive reactions caused by the mechanism that causes disease
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What are the 3 triggers of hypersensitivity?
1. Allergy
2. Autoimmunity
3. Alloimmunity
2. Autoimmunity
3. Alloimmunity
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What is an allergy?
The harmful effects of hypersensitivity to environmental agents
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What are allergens?
Environmental antigens that cause allergic responses
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Can allergies be inherited?
People can have an inherited predisposition
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What is an allergic reaction?
A bad immune reactions to a substance to which the body has become hypersensitive
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What is a very serious type of allergic reaction?
Anaphylaxis
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What is autoimmunity?
Self-antigens are usually tolerated by the host's immune system. In autoimmunity, the body's immune system, begins to recognise self-antigens as foreign
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What are the 5 causes of autoimmunity?
1. Sequestered antigen
2. Neoantigen
3. Infectious disease
4. Forbidden clone
5. Defective peripheral tolerance
2. Neoantigen
3. Infectious disease
4. Forbidden clone
5. Defective peripheral tolerance
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What is the sequestered antigen theory?
Antigens that are hidden from cells of the immune system. If the tissue is damaged and sequestered antigens become exposed, they are treated as foreign, which therefore causes an autoimmune reaction
This is triggered by trauma or inflammatory destruction
This is triggered by trauma or inflammatory destruction
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What is the neoantigen theory?
Newly formed antigens that are not previously recognised
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What is the infectious disease theory?
Foreign antigens from pathogens can initiate autoimmune disease through molecular mimicry
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What is molecular mimicry?
It is the protective mechanism of pathogens to avoid their elimination by the host's immune system
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What is the forbidden clone theory?
Immune cells that are suppressed in the foetus that may be reactivated in adult life and cause autoimmune disease
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What is the defective peripheral tolerance theory?
The tolerance of some self-antigens is controlled by suppressor T-cells
Defects in these cells can result in development of autoimmune disease
Defects in these cells can result in development of autoimmune disease
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What is the difference between a normal immune response and an autoimmune disease?
A normal immune response involves the immune cells (lymphocytes) creating antibodies to fight the invader
In an autoimmune disease, the immune system creates antibodies that attack your own cells.
In an autoimmune disease, the immune system creates antibodies that attack your own cells.
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Name one autoimmune disease example for the brain, the bones, skin, lungs, GI tract and blood
Brain = Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Bones = Rheumatoid arthritis
Skin = Eczema
Lungs = Asthma
GI tract = Ulcerative colitis
Blood = Lupus
Bones = Rheumatoid arthritis
Skin = Eczema
Lungs = Asthma
GI tract = Ulcerative colitis
Blood = Lupus
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The final trigger of hypersensitivity is Alloimmunity.
What is alloimmunity?
What is alloimmunity?
When the individual's own immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species
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What is a typical example of alloimmunity?
Transient neonatal disease - when the mother's immune system becomes sensitised against antigens expressed by the baby
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What is another name for haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN)?
Rhesus disease
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What is rhesus disease?
antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood destroys her baby's blood cells
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Describe rhesus disease in scientific terms
Rh+ mother and Rh+ father = exposure to Rh+ baby with generate B lymphocytes that recognise foreign Rh antigen and produce IgG.
This IgG crosses the placenta and attaches to foetal RBC - haemolysis occurs (baby's body makes antibodies against its own red
This IgG crosses the placenta and attaches to foetal RBC - haemolysis occurs (baby's body makes antibodies against its own red
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What is Foetal Neonatal Alloimmune Thromboctyopenia?
A life-threatening bleeding disorder that results from incompatibility between mother and baby for platelet-specific antigens
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What is FNAIT in scientific terms?
The mother's immune response is to produce antibodies against platelets that have been inherited. These antibodies destroy foetal platelets, leaving the foetus at risk of haemorrhaging into major organs
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What is another example of alloimmunity is haemolytic transfusion and transplant reactions. Why do these occur?
The immune system reacts against antigens on the donor cells
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Explain Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Result of antibodies in the host's plasma directed against the antigens on the donor's red blood cells
eg: person anti-b antibodies. If they receive blood containing B antigens, transfused RBC will be destroyed
eg: person anti-b antibodies. If they receive blood containing B antigens, transfused RBC will be destroyed
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What are the 4 degrees of transplant rejection? Describe them
1. Hyperacute - within minutes, antigens are unmatched, eg: blood groups incompatible
2. Acute - first week, immune system sees the new organ as foreign and attacks and destroys it
3. Chronic - over years, body's constant immune response against new organ
2. Acute - first week, immune system sees the new organ as foreign and attacks and destroys it
3. Chronic - over years, body's constant immune response against new organ
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Describe the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions to a target antigen
Type 1 = IgE mediated allergic reactions
Type 2 = IgG tissue specific reactions
Type 3 = Immune complex mediated reactions
Type 4 = cell-mediated reactions
Type 2 = IgG tissue specific reactions
Type 3 = Immune complex mediated reactions
Type 4 = cell-mediated reactions
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How can you remember this?
Type 1 (A) = Allergic, Anaphalyxis, and Atopy
Type 2 (B) = antiBody
Type 3 (C) = immune Complex
Type 4 (D) = Delayed
Type 2 (B) = antiBody
Type 3 (C) = immune Complex
Type 4 (D) = Delayed
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What are Type 1 IgE mediated allergic reactions?
Involves the IgE mediated release of antibodies against an antigen
Results in mast cell degranulation, release of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators
Results in mast cell degranulation, release of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators
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What are the steps of Type 1 IgE mediated allergic reactions?
1. Activation of Th2 cells
2. Production of IgE antibodies
3. Mast cell sensitisation
4. Release of mediators - vasoactive amines (histamines), lipid mediators (prostaglandins and leukotrienes), cytokines
2. Production of IgE antibodies
3. Mast cell sensitisation
4. Release of mediators - vasoactive amines (histamines), lipid mediators (prostaglandins and leukotrienes), cytokines
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What does the release of vasoactive amines (histamines) do?
Histamine induces vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus secretion
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What does the release of lipid mediators (prostaglandins and leukotrienes)?
They cause bronchospasms, increased mucus secretion
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What does the release of cytokines do?
Cytokines recruit and activate leukocytes = they amplify TH2 initiated immune reaction
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What are the clinical manifestations of IgE mediated allergic reactions?
GI allergy via food = vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
Skin = urticaria (hives), fluid filled blisters (wheals) surrounded by redness (flares), itching
Respiratory tract = rhinitis, asthma, mucus, oedema
Skin = urticaria (hives), fluid filled blisters (wheals) surrounded by redness (flares), itching
Respiratory tract = rhinitis, asthma, mucus, oedema
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What are Type 2 IgG tissue specific reactions?
Cytotoxic hypersensitivities
Destruction of a target cell due to binding of IgG and IgM antibodies to tissue-specific antigens on cell surfaces = antibodies produced against body's own antibodies
once bound, they cause inflammation and cell death
Destruction of a target cell due to binding of IgG and IgM antibodies to tissue-specific antigens on cell surfaces = antibodies produced against body's own antibodies
once bound, they cause inflammation and cell death
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Describe 2 IgG tissue specific reactions
1. Haemolytic transfusion reactions - incompatible blood types
2. Haemolytic disease of newborns (Rhesus) - mother and baby's Rh factors are incompatible
2. Haemolytic disease of newborns (Rhesus) - mother and baby's Rh factors are incompatible
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What are the Type 3 Immune complex mediated reactions?
They result from the formation of antigen-antibody complexes not cleared by the innate immune cells
Engages IgG, IgM and IgA
Build up of these complexes results in tissue damage. They become too big to be removed by phagocytosis
Engages IgG, IgM and IgA
Build up of these complexes results in tissue damage. They become too big to be removed by phagocytosis
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What is an example of Type 3 immune complex mediated reactions?
Rheumatoid arthiritis
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What are Type 4 cell-mediated reactions?
Delayed, cytotoxic reactions
T-cells or macrophages are activated due to cytokine release, leads to tissue damage
Sensitised lymphocytes respond 24-48 hours after exposure to antigen
T-cells or macrophages are activated due to cytokine release, leads to tissue damage
Sensitised lymphocytes respond 24-48 hours after exposure to antigen
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What are immune-deficiency disorders?
When the immune response is insufficient for protection
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What are primary immunodeficiency disorders?
Hereditary and congenital deficiencies
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How can primary immunodeficiency disorders happen?
Defect in B-cell development = lower levels of circulating Ig = hypogammaglobulinaemia
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What are secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
Acquired deficiencies
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Give 4 examples of secondary acquired immunodeficiency disorders
1. Nutritional
2. Iatrogenic - drug therapy
3. Trauma/infection
4. Stress
2. Iatrogenic - drug therapy
3. Trauma/infection
4. Stress
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How can nutrition cause a secondary acquired immunodeficiency?
Malnutrition can cause antibody responses and immunity to be impaired - atrophy of the thymus and the consequent deficiency of T-helper cells
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How can drug therapy cause iatrogenic immunodeficiencies?
Cancer drugs - inhibit multiplication of cells, but can damage immune response
Corticosteroids suppress the immune system and control hypersensitivity or transplant rejection, leaves patient susceptible to infection
Surgery and anaesthesia suppress B an
Corticosteroids suppress the immune system and control hypersensitivity or transplant rejection, leaves patient susceptible to infection
Surgery and anaesthesia suppress B an
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How can trauma or infection cause secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
Physical trauma compromises the epithelial barrier and predisposes host to infection, eg: burns
Infection can damage lymphocytes, and some pathogens can suppress immune responses, eg: HIV
Metabolic disease/genetic syndromes suppress immune responses, eg
Infection can damage lymphocytes, and some pathogens can suppress immune responses, eg: HIV
Metabolic disease/genetic syndromes suppress immune responses, eg
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How does HIV affect the immune system?
HIV is responsible for the fatal immune deficiency AIDS. HIV selectively infects Th cells and prevents them from producing cytokines and from functioning in cell-mediated immunity
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How can stress cause secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
Lymphocytes have receptors for hormones and respond to changing levels. Decrease in lymphocytes makes the host more at risk for viruses
Body produces greater stress hormones called cortisol - causes inflammation
Untreated stress can result in chronic in
Body produces greater stress hormones called cortisol - causes inflammation
Untreated stress can result in chronic in
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What is it called when an antigen binds with an antibody?
An immune-complex
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Rheumatoid arthritis is what kind of disease?
Autoimmune
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Name a phagocyte of inflammation
Macrophages
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What are the group of structurally related proteins that act as antibodies called?
Immunoglobulins
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What is called when your body is prone to respond abnormally to the presence of a particular antigen?
Hypersensitive
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Name the white blood cells involved in immunity
Back
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes
Card 3
Front
These white blood cells create an immune response. They do this by releasing and responding to what?
Back
Card 4
Front
Name the 2 types of immunity
Back
Card 5
Front
Antibodies are immunoglobulins (Ig).
These immunoglobulins are made up of glycoproteins produced by which cells?
These immunoglobulins are made up of glycoproteins produced by which cells?
Back
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