GCSE Combined Science (1-9) section 11
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States of matter depend on what?
the forces between particles
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what are the three states of matter?
solids, liquids, gases
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what type of force does a solid have?
strong force of atrraction between particles
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true or false, solid particles are not held in place?
false
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the particles in a solid do not move, this means what?
solids have difinite shapes
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when a solid is heated, what happens to the particles?
the particles in a solid vibrate in their place and the hotter the slolid gets the harder they vibrate. this causes the solid to expand slightly.
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how much force does a liquid have?
some force
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true or false, liquid particles are free to move?
true, but they tend to stick together.
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do liquids have a definite shape?
they do not have a definite shape. if you put water in a comtainer the liquid would flow to the bottom and cover the bottom of the container.
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the particles in a liquid are moving how and in which direction?
the particles are constantly moving in a random motion. and the hotter the liquid gets the particles move faster and this causes the liquid to expand slightly.
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how much force does a gas have?
no force
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how do gases travel?
they are free to move in stright lines and they only interact when the particles collide.
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true or false, gases keep a definite shape and volume and they dont fill any container?
flase, they dont keep a definite shap or volume and will always filla ny size container.
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do gases have more or less energy than a solid or a liquid?
more energy
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true or false, when a gas heats it either exapnds or their pressure increases?
true
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put the three staes in order of their force strengths between their particles, starting with the weakest.
gases, liquids, solids
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heating or cooling a substance does what to its state?
it chages the state
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what is it called when you turn a solid into a gas?
subliming
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whatis it called when you turn a gas into a liquid?
condensing
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what is it called when you turn a liquid into a gas?
evaorpration
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what is it called when you turn a solid into a liquid?
melting
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what is it called whne you turn a liquid into a solid?
freezing
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chemical changes are different to what?
physical changes
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chemical changes happen when?
during a chemical reaction
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compared to a physical changes, chemical changes are often what to reverse?
hard
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a pure substance contains how many things?
one
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give a deifinition of pure
a pure substance is made up of a single element or compound.
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what can you use to test for purity?
melting points
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how can you use melting points to test for purity?
if a substance is pure it will have a sharp melting point whereas if it is impure it will have a range of temperatures.
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what do we use distillation for?
distillation is used to seperate mixtures that contain liquids.
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what is simple distillation?
simple distillation is used for seperating a liquid from a solution.
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what is the problem with simple distillation?
a problem is that you can only speperate things with very different boiling points.
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how do you speperate a solid from a liquid?
crystallisation or filtration
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how do you seperate a solube solid from a solution?
crytallise it
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how do you seperate a solube solid from a solution?
you use crystallisation
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how do you choose the right purification method?
it will dpend on the porperties of the substance
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how many phases does chromotography have?
2 (two)
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what is chromotagraphy used for (give 3 uses)?
forensic testing, horsemeat scandal, performancing enhancing drug testing, ebola immunisation, quality you can taste.
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what is the equation to work the out the Rf value?
Rf = distance travelled by solute/distancetravelled by solvent
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on a paper chromatogram, chemical X travelled 2.1cm, chemical Y travelled 3.6cm and the solvent front travelled 6.0cm. calculate the Rf value of chemical Y.
Rf= 3.6/6.0= 0.60
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What are the three stages of water purification?
Filtration. Sedimentation. Chlorination.
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What does chlorination do?
Kills harmful bacteria in the water by bubbling chlorine gas through
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What is added to the water during sedimentation?
Iron sulphate or aluminium sulphate
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What happens during filtration?
Water is flushed through a wire mesh so filter out large material such as twigs then a gravel bed extracts more large sediment
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Why is water distilation very expensive?
It requires lots of energy
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How can you make potable water in poor countries?
Distill seawater
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What kind of water must be used in chemical analysis?
Pure
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How do you produce pure water?
Distilation
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Why must deionised (pure) water be used in chemical analysis?
Because the ions present in tap water interfere with reactions
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What are aquifiers?
Rocks that hold water underground
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What are the three main sources of potable water in the UK?
Groundwater, surface water and waste water
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Where can we get surface water from?
Lakes, resevoirs and rivers
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Why would surface water not be a good source of water in the UK during the summer months?
Sources can run dry due to evaporation
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What are the two phases of chromatography?
Mobile and stationary phases
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What 2 things effect the amount of time spent in each phase of paper chromatography?
How soluble they are in the solvent. How attracted to the stationary phase they are
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What is a solvent?
The liquid in the bottom of the container that provides medium for the mobile phase
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What method do you use to separate a soluble solid from a solution?
Crystallisation
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How do you separate a mixture by crystallisation?
Heat until the liquid has evaporated. Filter using filter paper any remaining solution. Leave to dry.
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How can you separate a mixture of liquids?
Fractional distillation
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How can you separate an insoluble solid from a solution?
Filtration
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What 4 pieces of apparatus are vital to the method of fractional distillation?
Roundbottomed flask, fractionating column, leibig condenser and boiling tubes
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Which end of the fractionating column is hotter?
bottom
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On what basis are molecules in a mixture separated in fractional distillation?
Based on boiling point
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What is often fractionally distilled in industry?
Crude oil
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Do moelcules with higher or lower boiling points condense first?
Lowest
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What is the issue with simple distillation?
It can only be used when the constituent molecules of a mixture have very different boiling points
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How many types of atoms do pure substances contain?
1
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What can you test to see if a sample is pure or not?
Test the boiling points. A pure substance has a very exact boiling point which can be changed with added impurities
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If the melting point is 801 and the boiling point is 1458, what state will the substance be in at 1000?
Liquid
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What is the name of the process that turns a solid straight into a gas, skipping out a liquid phase?
Sublimation
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What is called when a gas goes to a liquid?
Condensation
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What is it called when a solid turns into a liquid?
melting
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What is it called when a liquid turns into a solid?
Freezing
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What is the name given to the process that changes a liquid into a gas?
Evaporation
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Why do solid expand when they are hot?
The particles vibrate and bonds begin to break as a result of this
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What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?
They are rearranged
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What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas
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What is an ion?
A charged particle (the number of electrons DO NOT equal the number of protons)
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Which of the three states of matter has the strongest intermolecular forces?
Solid
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Which of the three states of matter has the weakest intermolecular forces?
Gas
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Why is a pressure exerted on a gas' container?
The gas particles are bouncing off the sides of its container
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Gases do not have two defininitive things. What are they?
Volume and shape
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How do gaseuos particles move?
Constantly and randomly, in striaght lines
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If gases get hotter, do the particles move faster or slower?
Faster becuase you are giving them more energy from heat energy that is being added
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How are intermolecular forces in a gas described?
Next to none
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are the three states of matter?
Back
solids, liquids, gases
Card 3
Front
what type of force does a solid have?
Back
Card 4
Front
true or false, solid particles are not held in place?
Back
Card 5
Front
the particles in a solid do not move, this means what?
Back
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