Environmental influences on intelligence
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- Created by: JemD
- Created on: 23-01-24 21:28
Define the Flynn Effect
the substantial and sustained increase in intelligence scores over time
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Explain the method and findings of Flynn 1984
73 studies, using Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests from white Americans - IQ rose between 1932 and 1978
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In another study using data from 20 countries, what did Flynn find in 1987, 1994?
IQ scores were rising annually across nations
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what was the points increase per generation for both nonverbal and verbal tests in Flynn's 1987,1994 studies?
NV tests: increase of around 15 pts, V tests: increase of around 9 pts
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Who conducted a Meta-analysis on studies of the Flynn Effect and when?
Pietschnig & Voracek 2015
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What were the details of Pietschnig & Voracek 2015 and what did they find?
271 studies, 31 countries, worldwide IQ gains across 1909-2013 but decrease in the gains in more recent years
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What does the Flynn Effect suggest?
makes it unlikely that intelligence in determined by genes only
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If it is not a genetic shift, then what is thought to cause the Flynn Effect?
environmental factors
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What are the two hypotheses that have been suggested in relation to the Flynn effect?
the nutrition hypothesis and the cognitive stimulation hypothesis
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Explain the nutrition hypothesis
Increased intelligence is part of a nurturing environment that includes increased height and lifespan, improved health, decreased infant disease rate, better vitamin and mineral nutrition
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Explain the cognitive stimulation hypothesis
increased intelligence is driven by improved visual analysis skills, improved schooling, changes in parental rearing styles, better-educated parents, smaller families, greater availability of educational toys FOR EXAMPLE
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What four areas did Neisser et al 1996 identify as environmental influences on intelligence?
1. biological environment (prenatal environment, nutrition), 2. family environment, 3. school & education, 4. culture
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Specifically, what are two main components of a prenatal environment that might influence intelligence?
Smoking, alcohol
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Who studied the effects of prenatal smoking on intelligence?
Mortensen et al 2005
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What did Mortensen et al 2005 find?
Mothers who smoked 20+ cigarettes daily late in pregnancy were likely to have children who performed less well on IQ tests at the ages of 18/19
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Who investigated the effects of prenatal drinking on intelligence?
Mattson & Riley 1998
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What did Mattson and Riley 1998 find?
1. children prenatally exposed to alcohol may exhibit a variety of problems with memory and attention
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What did Kodituwakku et al 1995 find in relation to prenatal drinking and its effect on intelligence?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) results in deficits in abstract thinking, planning and organization
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Specifically, what is an area of nutrition that might influence intelligence?
breastfeeding
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Who investigated breastfeeding and its effects on intelligence?
Oddy et al 2003
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What did Oddy et al 2003 find?
children (age 8) breastfed for more than 6mths scored 3-6 IQ points higher on vocab IQ test than children who were never breastfed.
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What did Der et al 2006 find in relation to breastfeeding and intelligence?
maternal intelligence is positively correlated with the likelihood of breastfeeding
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Who investigated the effects of family size and birth order on intelligence?
Belmont & Marolla 1973
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What did Bermont & Marolla find in relation to family size and birth-order and intelligence?
1. children from larger families had lower IQ 2. first born always better IQ (declining with rising birth order)
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Who investigated the effects of group socialization on intelligence?
Judith Harris 1995
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What were the findings of Judith Harris (1995)?
Non-shared factors outside the family may be more important in developing intelligence. Children may identify with social groups based on characteristics and share norms with and be influenced by these groups. Positions within in-groups and rejection of o
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What influence might family socio-economic-status have on intelligence?
correlated with intelligence (r=0.3-0.4), improved SES can improve intelligence
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Who investigated the effects of education on intelligence?
Ceci 1991
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In his 1991 meta-analysis what did Ceci find in relation to the effects of education on intelligence?
1. children attending school more regularly had higher IQ scores 2. students' IQ scores decrease over the long summer holidays 3. each year of schooling is associated with a rise of 2.7 IQ points
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What is the criticism of Ceci's meta-analysis?
Issue of cause and effect: intelligence is likely to influence school attendance, length of schooling and the quality of school attended
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Define culture
the collective beliefs, attitudes, traditions, customs, and behaviors that influence how a group view and respond to the world
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What is the difference between Asian/Western cultures and African cultures in terms of how they view intelligence?
Asian/Western culture emphasizes the importance of academic ability, rural African cultures view practical ability as more important (therefore, some western concepts such as speed when completing tasks, are unfamiliar in African cultures)
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What are the implications of cultural differences in how groups view intelligence?
cultural differences may affect equal access to the skills and knowledge required by IQ tests
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Who investigated the cultural perceptions of intelligence in Asia, Africa and Western cultures?
Cocodia 2014
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What were the four main concepts within people's views of intelligence in Luo of East Africa (Cocodia 2014)?
Rieko: similar to Western idea of academic intelligence, Paro: practical thinking, Luoro: social attributes, Winjo: comprehending instructions
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Why might Raven's Progressive Matrices not be a culture fair test?
Although, it reduces language loading of the test by consisting of nonverbal items, this does not irradicate cultural loading. The matrices require a specific type of abstract reasoning which may not be entirely culturally fair
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Explain the method and findings of Flynn 1984
Back
73 studies, using Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests from white Americans - IQ rose between 1932 and 1978
Card 3
Front
In another study using data from 20 countries, what did Flynn find in 1987, 1994?
Back
Card 4
Front
what was the points increase per generation for both nonverbal and verbal tests in Flynn's 1987,1994 studies?
Back
Card 5
Front
Who conducted a Meta-analysis on studies of the Flynn Effect and when?
Back
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