Elizabeth I: Character and aims
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- Created by: Gray_1234
- Created on: 17-12-24 10:12
How old was Elizabeth when she came to the throne in 1558?
25
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What were the two considerable differences between Elizabeth and Mary?
Elizabeth was better educated and had a much shrewder grasp on political processes in their widest sense
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Who may have also played a key role in shaping Elizabeth's personal and political experiences?
Thomas Seymour
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What were Elizabeth's three main aims?
-To consolidate her position
-To settle religious issues
-To pursue a peaceful settlement with France
-To settle religious issues
-To pursue a peaceful settlement with France
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The aftermath of Queen Mary's death
Queen Mary died in the early hours of the 17th November 1558, and within a few hours William Cecil had ridden sixteen miles north to Hatfield to tell Princess Elizabeth that she was now Queen
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The response of Mary's councillors and Philip II of Spain
Mary's councillors knew that Elizabeth did not share their religious views and thus knew their political careers were over. They did not attempt to manipulate the succession. Mary recognised Elizabeth as her successor and Philip supported this sending his
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Why did Elizabeth have a difficult succession?
England had suffered from a series of bad harvests, food was scarce and expensive. The country had suffered from a flu epidemic which brought the highest death rate since the Black Death. England had lost Calais and the question of the Queen's marriage be
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The acceptance of the succession
On 17th November, Nicholas Heath, announced to Parliament that Mary had died when he should have dissolved Parliament. However, politically it showed their support for Elizabeth's accession, and within a couple of days nine of Mary's councillors rode to H
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William Cecil
Cecil was appointed principal secretary and their political relationship would last for almost 40 years. Elizabeth also made some household appointments, but didn't make announce any further appointments. It also made sense for her to retain some of Mary'
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Public opinion
Elizabeth followed the customs that were associated with new monarchs and when she acceded to the throne, she took herself to the Tower, emerging occasionally to show herself to her subjects and to benefit from pageants which were organised on her behalf
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Coronation
Elizabeth proceeded quickly to her coronation, for the sake of quickly consolidating her power. On the basis of astrological advice, she chose 15th January 1559
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International confirmation
The Spanish ambassador, the Count of Feria, visited Elizabeth before Mary's death to show her she had Philip's support and they even tried to arrange a marriage between her and Philip II
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The problem of religion
One of the major priorities of the new Elizabethan regime was to decide on the form of religion that the country would experience. There were two key aspects to this: the legal status of the Church and the liturgical books to be used in church services
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The legal status of the Church
The legal status of the Church had not been altered with the death of Queen Mary and until the law changed, the English Church remained part of the Catholic Church of Rome. There were no doubts that this was going to be severed again and that England woul
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Doubts over the nature of the Church
-"Anglo-Catholic Church-practice Catholic doctrines and practices whilst rejecting Papal Supremacy?
-A moderate Protestant Church like that in the Act of Uniformity in 1549?
-A more radically evangelical Church as implied by the Act of Uniformity of 1552
-A moderate Protestant Church like that in the Act of Uniformity in 1549?
-A more radically evangelical Church as implied by the Act of Uniformity of 1552
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The result
The Elizabethan settlement embraced two Acts of Parliament (The Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity). A set of royal injunctions enforced the Acts, to meet liturgical needs and the publication of a new Book of Common Prayer, and later the Thirty-Ni
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The Act of Supremacy 1559
-Papal Supremacy was rejected
-Reformation legislation under Henry VIII was restored
-Heresy laws created under Mary were repealed
-Reformation legislation under Henry VIII was restored
-Heresy laws created under Mary were repealed
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The Act of Supremacy 1559, new additions
-The powers of royal visitation of the Church were revived
-The Act named Elizabeth as "supreme governor" rather than as "supreme head" of the Church of England
-An oath of supremacy had to be made by clergymen and church officials and there were penaltie
-The Act named Elizabeth as "supreme governor" rather than as "supreme head" of the Church of England
-An oath of supremacy had to be made by clergymen and church officials and there were penaltie
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The Act of Uniformity
-The use of Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer
-Variations of the Eucharistic belief created in 1549 and 1552 were used
-Kneeling during Eucharist was banned
-Symbols and statues were removed for being too "Popish"
-Variations of the Eucharistic belief created in 1549 and 1552 were used
-Kneeling during Eucharist was banned
-Symbols and statues were removed for being too "Popish"
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The Royal Injunctions, 1559
-Instructions about the conduct of Church
-Emphasised the Protestant nature of the Church
-Stated that Eucharist was to be done at a communion table, removal of pilgrimage, symbols and candles
-Imposed by Cecil, but reflected Elizabeth's hatred of cleric
-Emphasised the Protestant nature of the Church
-Stated that Eucharist was to be done at a communion table, removal of pilgrimage, symbols and candles
-Imposed by Cecil, but reflected Elizabeth's hatred of cleric
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Significance of the settlement: historical interpretation
-Differing opinions: John Neale (1950) argues that Elizabeth was placed under pressure by radicalised clergymen and the House of Parliament
-Winthrop Hudson (1980) argues that Elizabeth and her ministers always intended for the settlement to be entirely P
-Winthrop Hudson (1980) argues that Elizabeth and her ministers always intended for the settlement to be entirely P
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The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 1559
A peace treaty in which England and France reached an agreement about the vexed Calais. France would return Calais for eight years, before it is returned to England if they maintained peace. If France failed to return Calais then they agreed to pay 500,00
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What was the significance of the death of Henry II of France in June 1559?
He was succeeded by Francis II, Mary, Queen of Scots' husband, the main Catholic claimant to the English throne and her accession brought the strongly Catholic Guise faction to France
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What was the Guises main aim?
To use Scotland as an instrument of French foreign policy and as such French troops were sent to garrison major Scottish fortresses, much to the alarm of John Knox, leader of the Lords of the Congregation
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Why was Elizabeth cautious about helping Knox remove the French?
She was cautious to interfere in domestic conflict in which subjects were rebelling against their sovereign. She also loathed Knox, who had written "the monstrous regiment of women", which criticised both Catholics and Protestants and openly criticised th
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What did Cecil want to do?
He wanted England to be more secure without French troops north of the border. He also wanted to remove Mary, to get rid of her as a potential Catholic claimant and his greater aim was to united England and Scotland into a "imperial" British state
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Intervention-December 1559
The navy was sent to the Firth of Forth to stop French reinforcements landing. The Lords of the Congregation were offered support from the Treaty of Berwick in February 1560, and in March an army marches north. The army and navy blockaded Leith, and the s
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The aftermath
-The Treaty of Edinburgh with the Lords of the Congregation were made a conciliar government
-The Guises fell from power
-Mary, Queen of Scots returned to Scotland
-Elizabeth understood that the win was through good fortune and that she would have to be m
-The Guises fell from power
-Mary, Queen of Scots returned to Scotland
-Elizabeth understood that the win was through good fortune and that she would have to be m
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Intervention in France
Conflict broke out between Catholics and Protestants in 1562, and Robert Dudley encouraged Elizabeth to place military pressure on the French Crown to ensure the return of Calais
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Military pressure
Elizabeth promised the Huguenot leader, the Prince of Condé, 6000 men and a loan of £30,000 with control of the port of Le Havre as security.
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Outcome
The Huguenot army was defeated and on the Catholic side, the Duke of Guise was assassinated, and both sides agreed to peace terms and united to drive the English out. The English had to seek unfavourable peace terms at the Treaty of Troyes in 1564
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Consequences for Elizabeth
She had lost Calais permanently and there was no further action to return it to English hands
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What were the two considerable differences between Elizabeth and Mary?
Back
Elizabeth was better educated and had a much shrewder grasp on political processes in their widest sense
Card 3
Front
Who may have also played a key role in shaping Elizabeth's personal and political experiences?
Back
Card 4
Front
What were Elizabeth's three main aims?
Back
Card 5
Front
The aftermath of Queen Mary's death
Back
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