Core Studies - Dement and Kleitman - Flashcards in A Level and IB Psychology

What does 'REM' stand for?

Rapid eye movement - stage of sleep, thought to occur when dreaming.

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What was the aim of Dement and Kleitman's study?

To investigate the relationship between rapid eye movements and dreaming.

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Give 3 hypotheses of D&K

There will be: 1) a significant relationship between REM sleep and dreaming; 2) A positive correlation between the duration of dreams and the length of eye movement; 3) A relationship between pattern of eye movement and context of the dream.

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Give information about the sample in D&K's study

9 participants (7 male, 2 female); 5 studied intensively, 4 used to confirm findings

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What research method was used in D&K's study?

Lab experiment

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What do EEG, EMG, and EOG measure?

EEG - measures brain activity (electrodes placed on head); EMG - measures muscle activity (electrodes placed around jaw); EOG - measures eye movement (electrodes placed around eye sockets).

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Briefly outline the procedure used to test participants in D&K's study

Participants were tested individually. Reported to the sleeping lab just before bed. Asked to avoid caffeine throughout the day. Participants slept in a dark, quiet room. Electrodes placed on the face, brainwaves were recorded.

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How did researchers test whether REM sleep and dreaming were associated?

Participants were awoken at various points through the night (by a bell) and asked to recall their dream into a tape recorder by their bed. Recorded by researchers if detailed enough.

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How did researchers test whether there was a correlation between duration of dream and eye movement?

Woken every 5 or 15 mins during REM sleep, participants were asked how long they believed they had slept for 5 or 15 mins.

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How did researchers test whether patterns of eye movement and context of the dream were associated?

Participants were woken if researchers saw the following behaviour for more than 1 min: 1) mainly vertical eye movement, 2) mainly horizontal, 3) both, 4) very little or none at all. Asked to recall context of dream.

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Give results to suggest that REM sleep and dreaming are associated

80% of participants recalled a dream after REM sleep; 93% of participants recalled no dream after (non) N-REM sleep. Dream recall after N-REM occurred later, so could be an earlier REM sleep memory.

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Give results to suggest that a longer dream results in a longer period of eye movement

90% of participants who were woken after 5 mins of REM sleep guessed the period of time correctly; 78% woken after 15 mins guessed correctly.

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Give results to suggest that patterns of eye movement and context of dreams are associated

After vertical eye movement, participants reported dreams in which they were 'climbing up a ladder and looking up and down', and 'standing at the top of a cliff'. 10 cases of no eye movement occurred - recalled staring at into the distance

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Give 2 strengths of D&K's study

1) Lab experiment - controlled, no confounding variables; 2) Standardised - high level of repeatability

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Give 2 weaknesses of D&K's study

1) Low ecological validity - unusual setting, unusual sleeping patterns; 2) Sample - not generalisable, androcentric

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Core Studies - Dement and Kleitman

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