Cold War Key Events 1956-1984
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- Created by: jroe99
- Created on: 13-06-18 15:54
When did Stalin die?
5th March 1953
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Situation in Poland
Catholic population unhappy. After death of Moscow-dominated Bierut, more liberal Rokossowski as defence minister. Gomulka, imprisoned from 1949-52 for being an deviationalist, accepted by Stalin.
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Situation in Hungary
Political rallies 23rd October 1956, police fired on protestors. Nagy took power, allowed non-communists into power, talked of leaving W.P. USSR invaded, over 1000 tanks. Kadar appointed leader. Nagy executed, 180,000 Hungarians fled west.
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Why did the revolts have a limited impact on the Cold War?
French invasion of Suez 1956 after Egyption leader nationalised it. West divided as USA disapprove of UK & French action. Accepted view of 'iron curtain'.
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Consequences of unrest in Eastern Europe
Revealed limitations of containment. Hungary part of Soviet bloc.
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Origins of Czech crisis
January 1968, Dubcek wanted to introduce more democracy, didn't want to leave WP. Prague Spring, DDR feared would create economic links with West Germany.
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USSR debating what to do
Contemplating intervention as early as May, because of impact on detente.
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Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Tito & Ceausescu, 17th August made USSR fearful of breakup. 20-21st August 1968, 20 divisions from the USSR, Hungary, Poland, DDR & Bulgaria invaded.
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Brezhnev Doctrine
25th September 1968. USSR & allies, especially Poland & DDR, would invade communist country that deviated from 'duty'. Extended Cold War, only abandoned 1989.
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Fear of Communism from West Germany
Ulbricht supported NK, had built up force of 60,000. Adenauer asked Allied High Commissioners to build defence force.
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EDC
European Defence Community, suggested by Plevin in 1950. NATO would create force in Europe, include Germany armed units. Meant permanently divided, and alarmed the French.
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Independence of Federal Republic
From 1951-52, make West Germany and independent state, begin re-armament. Pro-Western buffer. May 1952, General Treaty replaced Occupation Statute, removed High Commission, so could create armed forces.
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Soviet Response to independence
Offered to support German Reunification & creation of neutral Germany that wouldn't join EDC or NATO. Uprising in East Germany 1953, Soviet troops suppressing it in June. Adenauer won election September 1953. French still rejected EDC.
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Re-armament & its effects
October 1954, France persuaded to agree to Germany army & entry into NATO (1955). Germany not to have nukes, British forces would remain there.
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Immigration from East Germany
187,000 left East by 1950. Appeals from German leadership 1952, Stalin agreed to close borders but loophole in Berlin. by 1961, 3.5 million had left, caused long-term economic damage. 20% of people. West Germany experiencing 'economic miracle'.
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Reasons for the Wall by 1961
Closure of frontier would not disrupt rail communication. July & early August, 36,000 left via Berlin. Critical Chinese communists. Closed 12th August 1961, built wall 17th August. Inner wall 'zone of death' began 1962, continued building till 1980.
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How many escaped?
5,000 escaped up to 1989, 136 deaths.
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Significance of the Wall
Rusk- 'a monument of communist failure'. Propaganda for West as a symbol of oppression. Increased tensions, detente wouldn't lead to fundamental change.
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Second Arms Race-missiles
1957, USSR caught up. August 1957, USSR tested ICBM. USA overestimated number & quality of Soviet missiles. Atlas missiles 1958, Titan & Minuteman. Polaris submarines w/ missiles.
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Mutuall Assured Destruction
USA could destroy 80% of Russian population & industry. MIRV, 1964, could target US missile silos. Increasing destructive capacity. Increasing accuracy. Developing systems to intercept. Led to SALT.
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Star Wars
After 1980, Reagam suspicious of Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan & expansion of naval forces. Fear of Soviet **-20 missiles. Developed Strategic Defence Initiative, went against 1972 agreements to limit defence. U**R under pressure to compete.
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Impact of Space technology
'Alien' ideology in USA. International Geophysical Year 1957-58, 67 countres contributed scientific research.
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Sputnik
1957. Sputnik circled Earth once every 90 minutes at 28,000 mph. USA aware by October. Allied to weaponry? USSR more technology advanced than though, communism made it.
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Space Race
November 1957, Laika in space. USA's Vanguard satellite failed December 1957, more success March 1958. December, SCORE launched.
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Triumphs of Russia
Russian Luna 1, orbited the sun. Successful manned orbit of Earth, Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin. John Glenn made successful voyage February 1962. First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, June 1963. First spacewalk, Alexei Leonev March 1965.
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US achievement
Apollo programme, US astronauts circling moon 1968. Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon July 1969. SALT led to greater co-operation, joint mission, Apollo-Soyuz Missionn 1975.
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Dates of detene
1969 till 1980
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Better relations in 1960's
Partial Test Ban Treaty, August 1963. Outer Space Treaty 1967. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
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Reasons for detente after 1969
Worsening relations with China, border clashes 1969. Nixon visited China 1972. Vietnam war costly & oil prices 1973 made reduction in arms spending sensible. Soviet economic difficulties. Ostpolitik. 'Old guard' more flexible.
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Nixon & Kissinger
Based policy on national interest, not ideology.
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Detente
Brezhnev & Nixon visited each other 1972. Helsinki Agreements 1975 & joint space programme.
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SALT
1972. 5 year freeze on missile launchers. Freeze on ICBMs & submarine-launched missiles. Restrict anti-ballistic screens. 1979, Carter & Brezhnev signed SALT II in Vienna (never ratified by US Senate)
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Barriers to better relations in East Germant
FRG Hallstein Doctrine, break off diplomacy if DDR recognised by anybody. Worry of NATO intervention.
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Changes under Brandt
Brandt signed Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1969. Complex treaties with USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, DDR. Treaty on Berlin with Britain, France, USA & USSR.
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Moscow Treaty
August 1970, between Brandt & Brezhnev. No territorial claims. Agreed western frontier of Poland. Abandoned Hallstein Doctrine, members of UN. Recognition of USSR-controlled satellite. Sep 1971, agreed free travel from Federal Republic to West Berlin
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Treaty with Poland
Frontier non-vioable. Ethnic Germans still in Poland allowed to emigrate.
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Treaty with Czechoslovakia
Delayed, but signed 1973. Revoked 1938 Munich treaty & ceded Sudetenland to Germany.
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Basic Treaty
December 1972, between Federal Republic & DDR. FRG to recognice DDR, both members of UN.
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Results of the treaties
DDR gained recognition of frontiers. West Berlin joined FRG. Ended Hallstein Doctrine. Human Rights discussed in Helsinki 1975.
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Afghanistan
April 1978. Communists overthrew monarch & began radical programme of secularisation & reform. Communist leader Amin killed & removed by Kemal, communist loyal to Moscow.
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Military figures
Afghan army fell away, leaving 50,000 Soviet troops to confront 200,000 Islamic Mujahedeen rebels.
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Western reaction
Detente pointless. Fears of Russian expansion towards Persian Gulf. Carter banned grain supplies. Senate refused to ratify SALT II. USA boycotted 1980 USSR olympics. USA supplied rebels through Pakistan, by 1986, included missiles.
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Changes of leadership in West
1980 Reagan elected president. Hostile, saw Helsinki & SALT as appeasement like at Yalta. Thatcher ideologically driven elected 1979.
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Arms Race
Deployment of cruise & Pershing missiles 1983 & development of SDI. Afghanistan was proxy war. September 1983, USSR shot down SK airline.
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Why the new Cold War continued
Afghan war & arms race & ideology made ending Cold War difficult. USA had advantage, little interest in reducing its favourable position by further detente.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Catholic population unhappy. After death of Moscow-dominated Bierut, more liberal Rokossowski as defence minister. Gomulka, imprisoned from 1949-52 for being an deviationalist, accepted by Stalin.
Back
Situation in Poland
Card 3
Front
Political rallies 23rd October 1956, police fired on protestors. Nagy took power, allowed non-communists into power, talked of leaving W.P. USSR invaded, over 1000 tanks. Kadar appointed leader. Nagy executed, 180,000 Hungarians fled west.
Back
Card 4
Front
French invasion of Suez 1956 after Egyption leader nationalised it. West divided as USA disapprove of UK & French action. Accepted view of 'iron curtain'.
Back
Card 5
Front
Revealed limitations of containment. Hungary part of Soviet bloc.
Back
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