China Section1
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- Created by: tgrev
- Created on: 26-04-17 17:33
3 Fundamental issues with China pre comm
Technologically backward, Confucian dominance, Poor healthcare and education
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3 impacts of the Civil War
1. Millions dead 2. Communist don't have legitimate authority 3. China was bankrupt and embarrased
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3 issues with administration post civ war
1. Skilled bureaucrats had left with the GMD 2. CCP lacked sufficient knowledge of civilian government 3. CCP had little time to prepare governing due to speed of the nationalist retreat
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Impacts of lawlessness
Bandits clogged transport, crammed unsanitary cities, China was living up to the Sick Man of Asia
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What was the main economic problem threatening China post civ war
The GMD had left hyperinflation due to their increased printing of money to fund the war, people had resulted to barter
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3 ways China's industry was damaged
1. Soviet Union stripped Manchuria of its resources 2. Factory output was 37% of it was in 1937 3. Lack of industry posed ideological problem as communism based on the proletariat
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3 ways China's agriculture was damaged
1. Tools and fertiliser were in short supply 2. Human waste used as fertiliser so disease spread easily 3. In parts of China there was famine due to poor production
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Impact of land reform
Difficult to implement due to various dialect and vastness of China, varying impact due to altering recognition of communist rule
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How was national infrastructure poor
1. Communication and travel between cities was hazardous due to bandits and Warlords 2. Lack of unified language backed up lack of central govt 3. Over 50 different ethnicity so hard to unify
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How was transport impacted by the civil war
BAdly damaged, the CCP had destroyed railway lines during the civil war, telephone wires damaged and rivers and harbours became clogged up
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How were Cities damaged by lack of national infrastructure
Cities became isolated, CCP soldiers were not taken seriously due to them being peasants and having lack of knowledge of modern tech
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How was there still nationalist threat
They set spies and saboteurs and US plane raids which killed many. One raid in Feb 1950 killed 1000 and damaged electricity and water supply . Nationalists sunk comm ships
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What was democratic centralism
A new constitution introduced in 1954 that declared the peoples sovereignty, it would amend leg for the peoples benefit, set out on policies of the economy. There would be democratic elections locally that would rep in Beijing
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How did Mao abuse tradition to enforce his authority
He used the respect people had for power to give himself ideological justification and authority
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How did the communist party cement their authority with a new structure of govt
The party (chaired by Mao) was superior to the Politburo, the Standing committee and the Military Affairs commission, which gave them ultimate power
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3 ways the PLA cemented Mao's authority
1. Increased control through the reunification campaigns 2.Enhanced his own personal political prestige when intimidating opponents through the success e.g Korean War 50-53 3.Suppresed enemies of communism
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How did the new government system help increase the PLA power
Each bureau had four officials, with 2 being filled by PLA officers, consolidating the PLA's influence
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What was the PLA's economic role
1. Contributed free labour to build irrigation projects 2. Taught in schools 3.Hunted down the 4 pests during the G.L.F
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What was the campaign to suppress CR's
Launched in 1950 openly aimed at preventing nationalism undermining the regime. Targeted anyone who worked for the nationalist regime.Korean war allowed greater purging class enemies on pretence for hunting CR's,CR activity was extended to any dissen
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What was self registration
The govt offering the opportunity for a new life to any old nationalists, they were forced to confess any who worked with them and were arrested
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What was mass participation
Party encouraging civilians to get involved with political activity. They went to struggle meetings and would witness the killing of the old bourgeois/nationalists. 800 000 killed through struggles
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What was the 3 anti's campaign
Campaign against corruption, waste and obstructionist bureaucracy, yet the regime used the public support to remove any they didnt like or were no longer needed to rebuild as Party Cadres had been trained to replace the nationalists
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What did the 5 antis campaign target
Bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on govt contracts, stealing state econ info
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How did the 5 anti's encourage comm superiority
Targeted the wealthy/businessmen who would confess hoping for leniency, involved wives and children to bait the wealthy into confession, workers encouraged to beat bosses, forced confessions
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3 Characteristics of the campaigns
1. Both very successful with large attendances 2. Many business men found guilty of the five poisons, in Shanghai 99% were 3. People started to confess on their friends for security
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What were the reunification campaigns
Consolidation of Mao's power by using military force to invade regions resistant, if places were not controlled serious threat was posed to CCP
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3 impacts of the Tibetan invasion
1. Tibetan culture wiped out in many areas through violence and mass migration of Han Chinese to raise pop 2. Tibet was subjected to land reform 3. Propaganda indoctrinated through various media forms
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Course of the Xianjing Invasion
Mao used a policy of negotiation and violence to secure Xianjing, including potentially murdering nationalist leaders that were on course for negotiating, Han Chinese migrated to populate and focus on mining and idustry
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What were conditions of the Laogai like
Backbreaking labour, dyssentry common due to filth, used for dangerous labour, torture was common, contributed over 700 million yuan in industrial products, 350,000 tons of grain.
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Benefits of the laogai to the regime
a means to intimidate and terrorise the population, could convert cr's,
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Why did Mao ask intellectuals for help
Mao needed the support of intellectuals to to economically catch up with the west, produce tech
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Why did Mao rectify the party
Out of fear they had become non-revolutionary and bureaucratic, Mao wanted to intellectuals to scrutinise the lazy members and make sure they worked in the peoples interest, he hoped the intellects would criticise the moderates = ez removaal
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What international concerns did Mao have
After the secret speech Mao wanted to prove he wasn't a dictator, as he had developed a cult of personality and used terror tactics
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Why did the " let a hundred flowers bloom campaign not work"
Intellectuals were to scared to risk their new freedom in exchange for criticising the system. Mao encouraged scrutiny in exchange for more political freedom
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3 Examples of the criticism
1. Intellectuals denounced the Party cadres abuse of privilege 2. Some dared attack Mao personally, relating him to the Pope 3. Party force compared to Nazi's @ Auschwitz
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What was the Anti-Rightist campaign
Mao's response to the critique of him, he ordered class struggle against them, called them poisonous weeds which had a broad definition so anyone could be removed, crimes liable for punish were "opposing socialist culture". Cadres given a 5% quota
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How did the Korean War promote China Comm
It gave them a chance to promote national unity through creating antipathy to the U.S.A
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How did Mao use the Korean War
He was able to purge his enemies on the pretence of them being spies or traitors . He used it to denounce America, referering to them as "bandits, murders and savages"
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Problems with CHinese infantry
They could not hope to beat teh UN forces as they were under provided with resoureces e.g clothing weaponry medical supplies, almost 90% of troops suffered from frostbite
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Positive impacts of the Korean War
1. Inspired increases in production in key industries e.g coal, iron and steel, Workers joined patriotic campaigns, Businessmen and industrialists paid their taxes on time
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How did the Korean war impact the international prestige of China
China was a strong country by defeating the "paper tigers", increased respect from Asian communists
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Negative impacts of the Korean War
USSR benefited from the high interest loans they charged to China, China lost $10 billion, 400,000 Chinese dead out of 3 million, international prestige undermined by inability to invade Taiwan without naval defeat by the UN
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Impact on relations with the west
Increased hostility, US dedicated extra $50 billion a year towards containment, US had aircraft in Japan
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Impact on Relations with the USSR
Mao impressed Stalin, yet USSR was China's only ally, totally dependent of the USSR for advice and aid
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
3 impacts of the Civil War
Back
1. Millions dead 2. Communist don't have legitimate authority 3. China was bankrupt and embarrased
Card 3
Front
3 issues with administration post civ war
Back
Card 4
Front
Impacts of lawlessness
Back
Card 5
Front
What was the main economic problem threatening China post civ war
Back
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