chemistry

First ionisation energy

Of an element is the energy required to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms

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atomic orbital

is a region within an atom that can hold up two electrons,with oppsite spins

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ionic bonding

electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions

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covalent bond

is a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons

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dative covalent bond

is a shaped pair of electron which has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only

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simple molecular lattice

is a 3D structure of molecules,bonded together by weak intermolecular forces

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electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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permanant dipole

a small charge difference across a bond that results from a difference in the electronegativity of the bonded atoms

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permenent dipole-dipole forces

is a weak attractive force between permenent dipoles in neigbouring polar molecules

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van der waals forces

are attractive forces between induced dipoles in neighbouring molecules

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hydrogen bonding

is a strong dipole-dipole attraction between: >an electron deficent hydrogen atom on one molecule and a lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom on a different molecule

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ice is less dense than water

because ice has a an open lattice with hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules apart. so when ice melts, the rigid hydrogen bonds collapse, allowing the H20 molecules to get together

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high freezing,M.P and B.P

the hydrogen bonds are extra forces over and above van der waals forces, > these extra forces have to be overcome in order to melt or boil water. this results in h20 having higher melting and boiling point rather than expected

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metallic bonding

is the electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons

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giant metallic lattice

a 3d structure of positive ions and delocalised electrons bonded together by strpong metallic bonds

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periodicity

is a regular periodic variation of properties of elements with atomic number and position in the periodic table

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disproportionation

is a reaction in which the same element is both reduced and oxidized

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