Chapter 7 Economic and Social Developments

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What was State Capitalism?
A halfway between capitalism, based on free market, competition and socialism
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When was State Capitalism?
1917-1918
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Give 3 ways in which the Bolsheviks established greater control over the economy
-Bank decree nationalised banks
-Venshenka, The Supreme Council of the National Economy established
-GOELRO, a special State Commission established to organise production and distribution of electricity through Russia
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Why was State Capitalism unpopular with some Bolsheviks?
They disapproved of any capitalist system
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Why was State Capitalism brought in?
-Inflation, falling employment and productivity
-Bolsheviks didn't have power or expertise to create fully socialist system
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What were some communist elements of State Capitalism?
'Workers Control', where workers took control of factories
Land Decree 1917 abolished private ownership of land
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What were some capitalist elements of State Capitalism?
Industry remained under private ownership
'Sackmen' tried to make money from undercover trading
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How was it unsuccessful?
Workers control gave themselves pay rises, stole equipment for themselves or to put on black market. Up to 2/3 of what was consumed in cities came from black market
Production plummeted and 4x more factories had to be seized by government
50g of bread a
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What was War Communism?
Treating the economy as a single enterprise, it primarily existed to ensure Red Army had food supplies so grain requisitioning was involved.
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When was War Communism?
1918-21
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What were some features of War Communism?
Grain requisitioning, soldiers seized grain off peasants, built on Socialisation of land decree 1918, nationalisation of of all industries, first was sugar on May 1918, workers no longer ran factories , strikes forbidden, ration card issues instead of wag
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How did War Communism fail?
By 1921, total industrial output had fallen 20% pre war levels, by 1920, the population of Petrograd had fallen by 57.5% and Moscow by 44.5%, acute food shortage, 1/3 of land abandoned to grass, reports of cannibalism due to famine, workers went on strike
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Give one way in which War Communism succeeded?
All businesses nationalised by 1920
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Why did the Cheka change to the Red Terror?
After Lenin's assassination attempt in August 1918
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How many were executed between 1918-1920?
Half a million
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What groups were targeted as political enemies by the Red Terror?
Anarchists, SRs, Mensheviks
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What else did the Bolsheviks set up as instrument of terror?
Labour and Concentration camps
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When did the Tambov revolt occur?
1920-1921
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How many uprisings were reported in 1921?
155
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What was the Tambov revolt?
A revolt by 70,000 peasants led by Alexander Antonov against grain requisitioning, joined by some Green forces, 100,000 Red Army troops deployed to deal with uprising, they destroyed villages using poison gas
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When was the Kronstadt rising?
1921
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How did Lenin describe the Kronstadt rising?
What did he call the soldiers?
'the flash which lit up reality better than anything else'
'White traitors'
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Why were people angry, why did Kronstadt rising occur?
A reduction of third in bread ration, lack of union representation in factories, food crisis of 1921
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Who led the Kronstadt rising? What did they do?
30,000 Kronstadt sailors, had previously been the most loyal supporters, sent manifesto to Lenin demanding end to one-party communist rule and democracy
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What slogan did they use?
'Soviets without Bolsheviks'
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How did the Red Army deal with the Kronstadt rebellion?
They went 5 miles across ice to crush rebels, the ringleaders were shot, 15,000 imprisoned
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When was NEP brought in?
1921
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List 4 features of the NEP
State would control large-scale heavy industry such as coal, steel and oil, rationing was ended and wages brought back, requisitioning of grain ended and ban on private trading ended
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How did Nepmen do well out of the NEP? How many were there?
They brought produce from peasants to sell in towns, controlled 75% of retail trade by 1923, 25,000 in Moscow by 1925
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What % of firms were back in private hands?
85%
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Did production levels steady?
Yes, by 1926 they were the same as 1913
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What was a failure of NEP?
Scissors Crisis, gap between agricultural prices and industrial prices widened. Food prices fell below industrial goods as factories were taking longer to rebuild and expand output
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How was scissors crisis solve?
Industrial prices capped
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What did the Ban on Factions 1921 rule?
That once a decision was made, all party members had to agree or else they would be expulsed
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

When was State Capitalism?

Back

1917-1918

Card 3

Front

Give 3 ways in which the Bolsheviks established greater control over the economy

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why was State Capitalism unpopular with some Bolsheviks?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why was State Capitalism brought in?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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