What is the stage of initiation in free radical substitution represent?
Homolytic bond fission.
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What are the problems with halogenation?
1. Mixtures are always formed. 2. Radicals are extremely reactive due to their unpaired electron, and so are difficult to control and use.
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Explain the bond strength of haloalkanes.
The carbon halogen bond is polar. As you go down group 7, the strength of the bond decreases, as the atomic radius increases, shielding increases and e.n.c decreases.
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Why is the carbon of the carbon-halogen bond of an haloalkane susceptible to attack from a nucleophile?
The polarity of the carbon-halogen bond means that the carbon is electron deficient, and so is open to attack from a nucleophile.
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What are the conditions for an elimination reaction?
Aqueous sodium hydroxide and heat.
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Why are alkenes susceptible to an attack from an electrophile?
They have a pair of electrons in their pi bond.
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Where is hydrogenation widely used?
It is used in the food industry to convert oils into semi solids, such as margarine.
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Define geometric isomer.
Isomers with the same structural formula but the bonds are arranged differently in space.
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What are some of the problems with plastics?
1. They are non-biodegradable due to the inert carbon chain. 2. If burnt toxic fumes are released.
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What are the conditions of the catalytic hydration of an alkene to produce an alcohol?
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