Cannabis

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What is cannabis produced from?
weedlike plant: Cannabis Satvia
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What are uses for Hemp?
Rope, clothe, paper, seeds used for oil, birdfeed
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What is the psychoactive agent?
Tetrahydocannabinol
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Where is this found?
In all parts of the plant, but concentrated in the sticky resin secreted the following of tops of female plants
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How is marjuana taken?
Dried and crumbled leaves, small stems, flowing from tops of plant, smoked in joints, bongs, pipes and THC content varies... simsellia, pollination prevented
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What is the second type of cannabis?
Hashish (Prepared from resin, potency varies with concentration)
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What is the last type of Cannabis?
Hash oil - reduced alcoholic extract single drop placed in a joint
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What does fibre evidence suggest?
Hemp is at least 8000 BC
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When was it introduced into the west?
By Napoleons soldiers from egypt
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What did Jacques-Joseph Mareau find?
Phsyician founded the club of hashish eaters in Paris is notable eaters such as Victor Hugo
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What does a typical joint contain?
0.5 - 1g of Cannabis
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If THC is 4% what does a joint with 1g of cannabis contain?
40mg of THC
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What does burning marijuana result in?
vaporisation of THC --> absorption into the lungs
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How much THC is absorbed?
20%
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What can make the high increase?
Holding breath, 15s Vs 7s (Black et al, 1998)
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Is THC readily absorbed into what?
Through the lungs into blood plasma
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What happens after peak levels reached?
Concentration falls through metabolism in liver and fat storage
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What is the half life?
20-30 hours
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What did Devane et al (1988) identify?
Cannabinold receptor
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What happens to cannabis receptors?
Active in areas consistent with behavioural effects
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For example?
Hippocampus... spatial memory
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What is the cannabis receptor?
CB1
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What is the Agonist?
THC
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What is the antagonist?
SR 141716
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What is the buzz?
Perception of light headedness, dizziness, tingling sensations in the extremeties
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What is the high?
Feelings of euphoria, exhilaration, disinhibition (the giggles)
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What is being stoned
feelings of being calm, relaxed, dreamlike, sensations of floating, enhanced visual and auditory perception, slowing of the perception of time and changes in sociability (increases or decreases)
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What is the first physiological effects?
Increased blood flow to skin: sensation of warmth, increase in heart rate: sensation of a pounding pulse
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What is the munchies?
Increase in hunger, demonstrated in humans (folin et al) and rats (william et al)
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What did Williams and Kirkham find?
Palatability increases in rats following 9THC administration
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What is hyperphagia?
Increased appetite and consumption induced by 9THC effect abolished by CB1 antagonist (williams and Kirkham
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what antagonist effects did Heutstis et al (2001) find?
Effects of marajuana attenuated by treatment of CB1 antagonist
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What percentage was the joint?
2.64% THC
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What responses were recorded?
Over next hour in SR141716 group and placebo control
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What was found?
Need a stronger dose of CB1 antagonist or another mechanism (in addition CB1 receptors) mediate effects
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What administration routes did Agurell et al find?
blood plasma levels of THC following smoking a joint vs oral consumption
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what was found?
Smokers o not report a peak until after the joint has been finished, brain and plasma concentrations not at equillibrium and THC not yet fully metabolised
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What was found about Cannabis and memory?
Oral THC administration affects verbal memory
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What was the effect attenuated in long term users?
cognitive tolerance in heavy users
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What was the effects of driving?
Low doses have relatively few effects, if task demands are high, moderate or high doses this impairs performance
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What did Ramaekers say about this?
A risk factor in car accidents
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What was found in effects of CB1 antagonist by Richardson et al?
SR141716 induces pain sensitivity and endocanabinoinds decrease responsiveness to pain
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What did Varvel and Lihtmen find?
CB1 knockout mice show normal acquisition of spatial learning. impaired reversal learning and a deficit in unlearning or forgetting
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What ddid Marsicano et al find about CB1 knockout?
It shows normal fear conditioning, impaired extinction. A deficit in unlearning new learning
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In investigating rewarding effects of cannabinoids, What did Varvel and Lictman find?
rats were first trained to lever press for IV cocaine then etinguished. The lever then pressed --> IV THC
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What was the effect?
Abolished with CB1 antagonist
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What did Vajent and Ladonado find?
Conditioned place preference with THC in mice, only works if mice pre exposed to THC in hme cages, first experience- aversive then rewarding
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What is the age of initiaton ?
Most widely used drug in the UK and US, 14 million in US, the age of inititiation is about 14 years of age
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Is Marijuana a gateway to harder drugs?
Difficult to asses, perhaps some users are more disposed to try harder drugs
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What is the circumstances that people progress from initial to regular user?
Gruber and Pope, risk factors: family disturbances, drug use by family, school performance and age of onset
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With repeat use, does tolerance develop?
Mixed result in human studies
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What did crompton et al find?
Tolerance observed following repeated administration of marijuana or pure THC
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What did Kirk and de Wit find/
Same high in light infrequent users relative to heavy frequent users
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With repeat use does tolerance develop?
Animal studies more consistent
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What did Breivogel et al find?
Daily injections of THC over 3 weeks. Progressive reduction in: CB1 receptor density, cannabis agonist receptor activity, some brain areas totally desensitized in 3 weeks
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What are the 3 characteristics which show dependence?
difficulty stopping taking cannabis, craving for cannabis, withdrawal symptoms
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What is abstinence triggers?
Irritability, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, aggessiveness, decreased appetite
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What do the withdrawal symptoms resemble?
Nicotine withdrawal
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When is it worse?
In the first 2 weeks and can last for over a month
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What did animal studies find?
Early studies found no effect of drug withdrawal but THC has a long half life. Thus still present in the system
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What were rats given?
twice daily THC injetions, then given a CB1 receptor antagonist
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What symptoms did rats display?
shaking, face rubbing and scratching
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What could this be a consequence of?
rats being stressed, de Fonseca - increased corticotrophin releasing hormon
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What did Cognitive behavioural therapy do?
Participants rewarded with vouchers for providing cannabis free urine samples
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What did Moore and Budney conclude?
Significant relapse though
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What did Haney et al conclude?
Withdrawal symptoms may be erased by oral consumption of THC
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When is it useful?
In the short term, difficult to achieve long term abstinence
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What is the main psychological effect?
Chronic cannabis use can lead to education performance, more negative attitudes about school, poorer grades, increased absenteeism
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However?
Is this just a correlation or causation
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What did Ferguson et al find?
Regular cannabis use early in life predicts poor school performance and drop out rates
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What did Solowij find?
Cognitive dficits in long term users standardised tests of learning, memory and attention: Long term users deficient 1 and 7 days after exposure
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What did Pope et al find?
No difference between heavy users and controls after 28 days, cognitive deficits linked to recent use, reversible over time
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What has been found in cannabis smoke?
Higher concentrations of carcinogens and tar and CO in cannabis smoke than tobacco
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How do Cannabinoids affect the immune system?
THC suppresses immune function, increase risk of viral and bacterial infection
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How can cannabinoids affect reproductive function?
smoking in women suppresses lutenizing hormone release and decrease sperm count in men
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How can cannabis be used in synthetic compounds?
Dronabinol for chematherapy patients and nabilone an appetite stimulant on AIDS patients
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What can cannabis be used for?
chronic pain, in Ms, spinal cord injury and Glaucoma
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Why is there limited widespread use?
side effects, joint more effective than synthetics
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However, HU-211, a cannabinoid that doesnt activate CB1 receptors therefore?
No side effects, undergoing clinical trials
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what is the major source of caffeine?
Coffee or tea
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How many people regularly take it?
80-90% of people
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What is the average intake?
200-400 mg
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How do children consume it?
chocolate and soft drinks
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How is caffeine absorbed?
through the gastrointestinal tract
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With a plasma life of what?
4 hours, people have a rising concentration throughout the day
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What is caffeine converted to?
metabolites by the liver
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What is the percentage lost through poo and wee?
95% in urine and 2-5% in poo, rest through salivia
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What does caffeine have?
A biphasic effect: low dose - stimulant high dose- reversed
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What did smith et al say?
Low intermediate doses = variety of positive subjective effect, ** instructed to abstain from coffee, tea, beverage containing 40 mg caffeine
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What did Griffiths and Mumford say?
Tolerance to subjective effects of caffeine, heavy drinkers can consume coffee before bed
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What are the withdrawal symptoms ?
Griffithe et al, withdrawal in at least 100 mg day drinkers 1 cup a day
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What are the health effects?
Increased blood pressure and coronary heart disease and decrease infant birth weight
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Card 2

Front

What are uses for Hemp?

Back

Rope, clothe, paper, seeds used for oil, birdfeed

Card 3

Front

What is the psychoactive agent?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where is this found?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How is marjuana taken?

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