Large surface area for molecules to diffuse through. Permeable barrier for oxygen and carbon dioxide to be easily diffused. Thin barrier which reduces diffusion distance. Steep concentration gradient.
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Fluid mosaic model
The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane of animal cells. It's mosaic because it is embedded with proteins. It is fluid because it doesn't have a rigid structure.
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Phospholipid
Forms bilayer and impermeable barrier
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Cholesterol
Stability and strength, holds phospholipids together.
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Glycoprotein
Cell signaling and cell recognition
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Glycolipids
Cell signaling and cell recognition.
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Intrinsic proteins
Channel proteins: Passive transport. Carrier proteins: active transport.
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Extrinsic proteins
Allow glycolipids to form. Cell recognition and cell adhesion.
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Carbohydrate chain
Cell recognition
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Osmosis
The movement of water particles from an area where they are in high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane.
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Passive transport
A kind of transport by which ions or molecules move along a concentration gradient. No energy is required.
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules or ions from an area of their high concentration to an area of their low concentration.
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Facilitated diffusion
Hydrophilic molecules or ions through channel or carrier proteins.
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Channel proteins
Span the membrane and have a specific shape to transport specific particles.
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Carrier proteins
Bind with the molecule or ion, change shape and transport the particles across the membrane.
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Active transport
A kind of transport where ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient. This process requires expenditure of energy and assistance of a carrier protein. ATP supplies energy for the carrier protein.
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Endocytosis
Bulk transport of substances into a cell by creation of a vesicle.
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Exocytosis
Bulk transport of substances out of the cell. Vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane and the contents are released.
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Purines
Double ring- Adenine and guanine.
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Pyramidines
Single ring- Cytosine and Thymine.
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Amniocentesis (genetic screening)
Inserting a needle into the amniotic fluid to collect cells that have fallen of the placenta and fetus.
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Chronic villus sampling
A small sample of placental tissue is removed, either through the wall of the abdomen or the vagina.
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Gene therapy
Cut out the healthy gene via endonuclease and attach to vector via DNA ligase. Normal alleles inserted into target cell using viruses or liposomes. The normal form of gene is then transcript and translated. The functioning protein is produced.
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Gene
A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.
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Allele
One or two more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same loci.
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Locus
Position on the chromosome
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Genotype
Alleles that a person has
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Phenotype
Observable effect
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Dominant
Only needs one copy of the gene to have the phenotype
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Recessive
Needs 2 copies of the gene to have the phenotype
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Carrier
Has the allele but isn't observable.
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Monohybrid inheritance
Controlled by one gene, not effected by environment or social factors.
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Temperature and enzymes
Increase in temperature increases the likelihood of collisions between enzyme and substrate molecule. Rate of reaction increases.
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Substrate or enzyme concentration
An increase will increase the rate of reaction until the other acts as a limiting factor.
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Enzymes
Globular proteins which speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, without being used up themselves. Has an specific active site, and forms an enzyme-substrate complex.
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RNA
Made up of a single strand of nucleotides. Pentose sugar is ribose and the base uracil replaces thymine.
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Genetic code
The genetic code in the DNA making up the chromosomes acts as a code for protein synthesis. It dictates the order of the amino acids.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane of animal cells. It's mosaic because it is embedded with proteins. It is fluid because it doesn't have a rigid structure.
Back
Fluid mosaic model
Card 3
Front
Forms bilayer and impermeable barrier
Back
Card 4
Front
Stability and strength, holds phospholipids together.
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