Biology-(GCSE) Spring Term (Yr.10)

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define health
the state of physical and mental well being
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define disease
disorders that affect parts or all of an organism
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what are the two types of disease ? what do they mean ?
communicable- can be spread and non-communicable- cannot be spread
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what are communicable diseases caused by ?
pathogens which are micro-organisms which cause disease
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what are examples of communicable and non-communicable diseases ?
communicable- a cold, flu; non-communicable- cancers, depression
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how does mental health disorders and cancer link ?
if you have cancer you have a higher chance of developing depression
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what can be a consequence with your health due to a physical illness?
you could develop a mental illness
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what does risk factor mean to do with health ?
a thing that is linked to an increased likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease
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what is a carcinogen
something that can cause cancer
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what does correlation and cause mean ?
risk factors are spotted by scientists looking for correlations in data and correlations dont always equal cause. some risk factors aren't capable of directly causing a disease but can be linked to other risk factors
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define cancer
a disease caused by uncontrollable cell division in a dodgy cell
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what is a benign tumour ?
the growth of abnormal cells in one area that does not invade other parts of the body
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what is a malignant tumour ?
these are cancers , they invade neighbouring tissues and spread to the other parts of the body in the blood, they can form secondary tumours
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what are things that can cause cancer ?
alcohol, poor diet, smoking, microbes, radiation
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explain the risk factors and prevention for brain tumours
age, genetic history and smoking
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explain the risk factors and prevention for testicular cancer
race, middle aged men, infertility and smoking
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explain the risk factors and prevention for breast cancer
age, race
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explain the risk factors and prevention for skin cancer
using sunbeds, not using suncream, moles and freckles
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explain the risk factors and prevention for lung cancer
smoking, air pollution, exposure to radon gases
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describe rose black-spot
serious disease of roses, stops a plant from photosynthesising from the black spots on them
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describe malaria
tropical disease spread by mosquitos, can be fatal symptoms, high temp, chills, headache, vomitting
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describe measles
highly infectious viral illness uncommon in uk, symptoms cold, sore eyes, small greyish white spots inside cheeks, normally if you've had it once you dont get it again
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describe tobacco mosaic virus
attacks leaves making the plant not growth and the ability to photosynthesise is lost so the plant eventually dies
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what is a vector ?
an organism that comes and spreads pathogens
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what are the three ways pathogens are spread ?
water, air, direct contract
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what are the non specific defence mechanisms the body has to stop pathogens ?
mucus lines airways, skin, acid in the stomach, platelets in the blood
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why does the skin act as a barrier to pathogens ?
its stops microbes entering the body. if broken blood clots form to seal the wound to prevent microbes from entering as well
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why do tears act as a barriers to pathogens ?
they contain lysomes (enzymes) that dissolve the cell wall of bacteria
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why does the mucus and cilla act as a barrier to pathogens ?
it helps to trap microbes and sweep them out of the air passage ways
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why does the stomachs acid act as a barrier to pathogens ?
it kills microbes in our food
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why does the white blood cells in our body act as a barrier to pathogens ?
because they produce antibodies and antitoxins to combat and kill microbes in the blood stream
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how are communicable diseases spread ?
by direct contact, air and yeah
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what are the three things our immune system does ?
consumes pathogens, producing antitoxins, producing antibodies
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what does our immune system do when consuming pathogens ?
its when the white blood cells engulf pathogens and digest them
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what does our immune system do when producing antitoxins ?
they counteract the toxins produced by the invading bacteria and then bind to the toxins
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what does our immune system do when producing antibodies ?
they produce them when they come across a foreign antigen then the antibodies lock onto the antigens and kill the invading pathogens
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define immunity
the ability of the white blood cells to respond quickly to a pathogen
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what are vaccinations ?
they inject small amount of dead or inactive micoorganisms to make the white blood cells produce the anti bodies to fight the antigens on the pathogens so they are in your bloodstream so youre therefore immune to the disease
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what happens if the live microorganism of a disease enter the body that you've been vaccinated by ?
the white blood cells know how to produce that type of antibody so the disease hardly effects you
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what are the two types of pathogen ?
bacteria and virus
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what are the pros of vaccination ?
it can control infectious diseases and helps to prevent outbreaks of diseases
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what are the cons of vaccination ?
they dont always work and they can have bad reactions
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what are painkillers ?
drugs which relieve pain which dont tackle the cause but will reduce the effect of the symptoms
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what are antibiotics ?
something that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria causing the problem
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what type of pathogen can antibiotics only kill ?
bacteria not viruses because the virus gets into the cell and there isnt an antibiotic which only kills the virus not the body cell as well
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why are the number of antibiotics resistant to bacteria rising ?
because people are unnecessarily taking the antibiotics when you dont have to which then makes the bacteria stronger
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what do we need to do to prevent superbugs ?
not take antibiotics unnecessarily and ask if they are truly needed
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which process do bacterias use to become resistant ?
they use natural selection
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why is it important to be treated with the correct antibiotic ?
because specific antibiotics treat specific things
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what are the three organisations needed to develop a drug ?
the government, universities and pharmaceutical companies
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what three things are tested in phase 1 clinical trials ?
the optimum dosage, the side affects and how they react in humans
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what is a placebo ?
a fake drug which doesnt contain any sort of drug eg, sugar pill or saline injection or fake surgery
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what is the placebo effect ?
when you think youre taking a drug but youre taking the fake version and your brain tricks your body into thinking its better
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what is a blind trial ?
when the patient doesnt know wether they are taking the real drug or the placebo
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what is a double blind trial ?
when both the patient and doctor dont know which group of people have taken the placebo or actual drug
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what did thalidomide do to the drug testing laws ?
made them a lot more thorough because of the birth deformities which happened because the drug wasn't tested thoroughly
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what is thalidomide now used to treat ?
some cancers, TB, HIV symptoms
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what is a monoclonal antibody ?
antibodies that are produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell, which only target specific protien antigens
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what is a B-lymphocyte ?
a type of white blood
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what is a hybridoma ?
a cell made by fusing a mouse lympocyte with a tumour cell which is used to produce lots of monoclonal antibodies
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how are monoclonal antibodies made ?
a mouse is injected with an antigen, the B lymphocytes are taken from the mouse then they are fused with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma which then produce the antibodies
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what are some uses for monoclonal antibodies ?
pregnancy tests, treating some cancers, gonorrhoea
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what does nitrate deficiences lead to in a plant ?
stunted growth and lack of photosynthesization
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what does magnisium deficiencies lead to in a plant ?
the leaves turn yellow as there isnt enough chlorophyll
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what are the three plant defense mechanisms ?
chemical (poison plant lets off), mechanical (thorns, mimicry), physical (cell wall, waxy cuticle)
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how can you tell if a plant has got a disease ?
stunted growth, spots on the leaf, patches of decay, malformed stem and leaves
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how do you identify a plants disease ?
look up signs in garden manuals, take plant to a lab, use test kits
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what are enzymes ?
protiens, which are made from amino acids
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what is an enzyme to do with reactions ?
a biological catalyst
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what does Ea stand for ? and what is it ?
activation energy- the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place
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what is an active site ?
the region on an enzyme that binds a specific substrate
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draw the process of an enzyme breaking up a substrate
book 1
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what is the optimum temperature for enzymes ?
37 degrees, the perfect temperature for enzymes
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what happens if an enzyme is too cold/ too hot ?
too cold- not enough energy so too few collisions, too hot- they denature and the active site changes size so the substrate will not fit
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what are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids used for in the body ?
c- release energy, p- growth and repair, l- energy storage and keep heat in
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what enzymes digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids ?
c- carbohydrase, p- protease, l- lipase
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what are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids broken down into ?
c- glucose, p- amino acids, l- gylcerol fatty acids
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where are the enzymes made in the body for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids ?
c- salivery glands, pancreas, s.intestine, p- stomach, pancreas, s.intestine, l- pancreas, s.intestine
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what are the different types of digestion ?
mechanical and chemical digestion
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what does the lining of the stomach produce ?
gastric juice
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what is in the stomach which helps digest the food ?
water, gastric juice, hydrochloric acid- this kills microbes which are in the food
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what happens in the small intestine ?
chemical digestion is completed
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what does the liver produce which helps with digestion ?
bile to neutralise the acid from the stomach to provide the optimum pH for the enzymes to work
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why does bile speed up digestion ?
because it makes the lipids form an emulsion which gives the molecules a bigger surface area
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15.03.18
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

define disease

Back

disorders that affect parts or all of an organism

Card 3

Front

what are the two types of disease ? what do they mean ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are communicable diseases caused by ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are examples of communicable and non-communicable diseases ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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