AS OCR Biology F212

?
Activation Energy
The initial energy that must be given to a substrate in order for it to change into a product
1 of 200
Active Immunity
The ability to produce antibodies to destroy a pathogen
2 of 200
Active Site
The part of an enzyme molecule to which the substrate binds
3 of 200
Acute Illness
A disease that only lasts for a short time
4 of 200
Adenine
One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. Bonds with Thymine. Purine
5 of 200
Adhesion
A force that attracts water molecules to a surface, by hydrogen bonding
6 of 200
Allopatric Speciation
The production of a new species from populations that are geographically separated from one another
7 of 200
Amino Acid
A molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (and sometimes sulfur); It has a hydroxyl group and an amino group and one of 20 R groups attached to a central carbon atom
8 of 200
Amino Group
NH2; this group readily ionises to form NH3+, so it is basic
9 of 200
Amylose
A polysaccharide made of many alpha-glucose molecules linked together
10 of 200
Angina
A pain felt in the chest and left arm, caused by poor blood flow in the coronary arteries
11 of 200
Antibiotic
A substance that kills bacteria but does not harm animal cells
12 of 200
Antibody
A small protein secreted by B lymphocytes in response to a particular antigen
13 of 200
Antigen
A molecule or cell that is recognized as foreign by the immune system
14 of 200
Antigen-presenting Cell
A cell that takes in a pathogen, or molecules from it, and holds them in its plasma membrane where they may be encountered by a lymphocyte
15 of 200
Anti-parallel
Running in opposite directions, the two polynucleotide strands in a DNA molecule are anti-parallel
16 of 200
Artificial Immunity
Immunity acquired through vaccination, for example being given weakened pathogens, or antibodies
17 of 200
Atheromatous Plaque
A deposit of cholesterol in the wall of an artery
18 of 200
Atherosclerosis
The hardening and stiffening of artery walls, often caused by deposits of plaque
19 of 200
Autotroph
An organism that does not require organic nutrients; plants are autotrophs
20 of 200
B lymphocyte
A white blood cell that secretes antibodies to a specific antigen
21 of 200
Balanced Diet
A diet that includes some of all the required nutrients in suitable proportions, and the correct amount of energy/energy intake=energy use
22 of 200
Binomial
The two word Latin name given to a species
23 of 200
Biodiversity
The variety of habitats, communities and species in an area, and the genetic diversity within populations
24 of 200
Biological Catalyst
An enzyme; a protein that acts as a catalyst in living organisms
25 of 200
Biotic Factor
An environmental factor caused by other living organisms
26 of 200
Bone Marrow
A cavity in the middle of some bones in which red and white blood cells are produced
27 of 200
Broad-spectrum Insecticide
A substance that kills a wide range of insects, not only the pests
28 of 200
Carboxyl Group
COOH; this group readily ionises to form COO- and H+ so it is acidic
29 of 200
Carcinogenic
Causing Cancer
30 of 200
Cardiac Arrest
A heart attack, when the heart muscle stops contracting
31 of 200
Chronic Illness
An illness that lasts a long time
32 of 200
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A long time illness cause by damage to the lungs and airways
33 of 200
Class
A group of similar orders
34 of 200
Classification
Putting things into a group
35 of 200
Coenzyme
A non-protein substance that is required for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction
36 of 200
Coenzyme A
A coenzyme required for many metabolic reactions to take place, including respiration
37 of 200
Cofactor
A non-protein substance, often an inorganic ion, that is required for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction
38 of 200
Cohesion
The attractive force that holds water molecules together by hydrogen bonding
39 of 200
Collagen
A fibrous protein found in skin, bones and tendons
40 of 200
Community
All the organisms of the all of the different species living in the same place at the same time
41 of 200
Competitive Inhibition
Inhibition in which an enzyme inhibitor has a similar shape to the substrate molecule and competes with it for the enzymes active site
42 of 200
Complementary Base Pairing
The pattern of pairing between the nitrogenous bases in a polynucleotide
43 of 200
Condensation Reaction
A reaction in which two molecules are linked together, involving the formation of water
44 of 200
Continuous Variation
Variation in which there is a continuous range of values between the two extremes
45 of 200
Convergent Evolution
The development of similar structures in organisms that are not closely related, as a result of adaptation for similar lifestyles
46 of 200
Coronary Artery
One of the arteries that branches off from the aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
47 of 200
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
A disorder affecting the blood vessels (coronary arteries) that supply the muscle in the heart walls with blood
48 of 200
Covalent Bond
A bond formed by two atoms sharing a pair of electrons
49 of 200
Cytosine
One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. Bonds with Guanine. Pyramidine.
50 of 200
Denatured
When a protein molecule, for example an enzyme, has lost its molecular shape, so that its function can no longer be carried out
51 of 200
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The genetic material contained in chromosomes; a polynucleotide in which the five-carbon sugar is deoxyribose
52 of 200
Deoxyribose
A five-carbon sugar found in DNA
53 of 200
Differentiation
The development of a cell to become specialized for a particular function
54 of 200
Disaccharide
A sugar whose molecules are made of two sugar units
55 of 200
Discontinuous Variation
Variation in which each organism belongs to one of a few clearly defined groups
56 of 200
Disease
A condition that impairs the normal function of the body
57 of 200
Disulfide Bond
A covalent bond between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine molecules
58 of 200
Domain
One off the three major groups into which all living organisms are classified, an alternative classification to the five-kingdom system
59 of 200
Ecosystem
The interactions between all the organisms, and their environment, in a particular area
60 of 200
Emphysema
A disorder caused by the breakdown of the alveolar walls, making it difficult to obtain sufficient oxygen in the blood
61 of 200
Environmental Factor
A feature of the environment that has an effect on the organism
62 of 200
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
A study of possible environmental effects that must be carried out before a new development is approved
63 of 200
Environmental Variation
Differences between organisms caused by their environment
64 of 200
Enzyme
A protein that works as a catalyst
65 of 200
Enzyme-substrate Complex
The temporary association between an enzyme and its substrate during an enzyme catalysed reaction
66 of 200
Epidemiology
The study of patterns of disease in populations, in order to work out the causes of the disease
67 of 200
Ester Bond
A bond linking a fatty acid to a glycerol molecule in a lipid.
68 of 200
Eukaryotic
A cell containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
69 of 200
Ex Situ
Away from the place where an organism usually lives
70 of 200
Experimental Evidence
Data collected from planned, controlled experiments
71 of 200
Family
A group of similar genera
72 of 200
Fatty Acid
A molecule containing a hydrocarbon chain, with a carboxyl group at one end
73 of 200
Fibre
A grouping of fibrils of a substance, large enough to be seen with a light microscope
74 of 200
Fibrous Protein
A protein with a linear, three-dimensional shape; fibrous proteins have structural roles and are insoluble in water
75 of 200
Freeze-dried
Food frozen in a vacuum, so that most of the water in it is lost as water vapour
76 of 200
Gamma Radiation
Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation that destroys living cells
77 of 200
Gene
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide
78 of 200
Genetic Variation
Differences between organisms caused by their genes
79 of 200
Genetically Different
Containing a different collection of alleles of genes
80 of 200
Genus
A group of similar species; plural genera
81 of 200
Geographical Isolation
The separation of two populations of a species by a geographical barrier, for example a stretch of water
82 of 200
Globular Protein
A protein with a roughly spherical three-dimensional shape; many are metabolically active and soluble in water
83 of 200
Glucose
A hexose sugar; the form in which carbohydrate is transported in the blood of mammals
84 of 200
Glycogen
A polysaccharide made of many alpha-glucose molecules linked together; it is the storage polysaccharide in animals and fungi
85 of 200
Glycosidic Bond
The bond that links sugar molecules together in a disaccharide or polysaccharide
86 of 200
Guanine
One of the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA. Bonds to Cytosine. Purine
87 of 200
Habitat
A place where an organism lives
88 of 200
HDL
High density lipoprotein
89 of 200
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
90 of 200
Herd Immunity
Immunity possessed by a large proportion of individuals in a population, lowering the chances of even those that are not immune from getting an infectious disease
91 of 200
Heterotroph
An organism that requires organic nutrients; all animals and fungi are heterotrophs
92 of 200
Hexose
A sugar with six carbon atoms
93 of 200
Hierarchy
A series of groups in which each group is made up of several smaller ones
94 of 200
Histones
Protein molecules that are associated with DNA in chromosomes
95 of 200
Hydrogen Bond
An attractive force between a slight negative charge on one atom, for example oxygen, and a slight positive charge on another, for example hydrogen
96 of 200
Hydrolayse
An enzyme that catalyses a hydrolysis reaction
97 of 200
Hydrolysis
Water is added to break bonds
98 of 200
Hydrophobic Interaction
A weak bond formed between two groups of atoms that are repelled by water
99 of 200
Immune
Able to destroy a pathogen before it can harm the body
100 of 200
Immune Response
The way in which lymphocytes respond to infection by pathogens
101 of 200
Immune System
The organs and cells in the body that help to destroy pathogens
102 of 200
In Situ
In the place where an organism usually lives
103 of 200
Induced Fit
The change of shape of an enzyme when it binds with its substrate, caused by contact with the substrate
104 of 200
Inhibitor
A substance that reduces the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
105 of 200
Initial Rate of Reaction
The rate at which substrate is converted into product right at the beginning of a reaction
106 of 200
Inorganic Ions
Charged particles of elements or their compounds, such as potassium and nitrate
107 of 200
Insulin
Hormone that reduces blood glucose levels
108 of 200
Intensive Farming
Producing as much as possible on a small area of land, using high inputs such as fertilisers or high-energy animal feeds
109 of 200
Ionic Bond
An electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
110 of 200
Irreversible Inhibition
Inhibition of an enzyme that is permanent, and that is not affected by the addition of more substrate
111 of 200
Kingdom
One of the five major groups into which organisms are classified
112 of 200
LDL
Low density lipoprotein
113 of 200
Leucocyte
White blood cell
114 of 200
Lipids
Fats, oils and waxes
115 of 200
Longworth Trap
A small metal trap used for catching small rodents
116 of 200
Lymphocyte
A white blood cell that responds to a specific antigen in the body
117 of 200
Macrophage
A type of white blood cell; it is a large cell and it destroys bacteria and other foreign material by phagocystosis
118 of 200
Malnutrition
The effects of an unbalanced diet
119 of 200
Maltase
An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose
120 of 200
Maltose
A disaccharide made of two alpha-glucose molecules joined together
121 of 200
Mark, release, recapture
A method of estimating population size of mobile animals by marking a sample, releasing them and then catching a second sample
122 of 200
Mass Extinction
The loss of many different species in a relatively short period of time
123 of 200
Memory Cell
Derived from a B lymphocyte or T lymphocyte following contact with an antigen; it is able to divide rapidly if the same antigen is encountered later
124 of 200
Metabolic Poison
A substance that prevents a metabolic reaction from taking place, for example a heavy metal that inhibits enzymes
125 of 200
Monosaccharide
A sugar whose molecules are made out of a single sugar unit
126 of 200
Mycoprotein
Food made from the culture of fungi in a fermenter
127 of 200
Myocardial Infarction
Death of muscle cells in the heart wall
128 of 200
Natural Immunity
Immunity acquired naturally, for example following an infection or through breast feeding
129 of 200
Natural Selection
The way in which individuals with particular characteristics have a greater chance of survival than individuals without those characteristics; they are therefore more likely to reproduce and on genes for those characteristics to their offspring
130 of 200
Neutrophil
Destroys pathogens by phagocytosis, contains enzymes
131 of 200
Neutrophil Elastase
An enzyme, produced by neutrophils, which breaks down elastin
132 of 200
Nicotine
The addictive substance in cigarette smoke
133 of 200
Non-competitive Inhibition
Inhibition in which an enzyme inhibitor does not resemble the substrate, and binds with the enzyme at a place other than the active site, allosteric site
134 of 200
Nucleotide
A molecule consisting of five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
135 of 200
Obesity
Being seriously overweight; having a body mass index over 30
136 of 200
Opportunistic Disease
A disease that occurs because the body's immune system is not functioning properly, allowing infection by pathogens
137 of 200
Optimum Temperature
The temperature at which a reaction occurs most rapidly
138 of 200
Order
A group of similar families
139 of 200
Organic Nutrients
Substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, required by all living cells.
140 of 200
Parasite
An organism that lives closely with another, and does it harm
141 of 200
Particulates
Tiny carbon particles, found for example in cigarette smoke, that accumulate in lungs and cause irritation
142 of 200
Passive Immunity
Possessing antibodies that were produced in another organism's body
143 of 200
Pasteurised Milk
Milk that has been heated to round 63 degrees for 30 minutes, killing most microorganisms in it
144 of 200
Peptide Bond
The CO-N linkage between two amino acids
145 of 200
Percentage Cover
The percentage of the ground covered by a particular species
146 of 200
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relationships
147 of 200
Phylum
A group of similar classes; plural phyla
148 of 200
Plasma Cell
A cell derived from a B lymphocyte, which secretes antibodies
149 of 200
Point Quadrat
A quadrat so small that it consists of the end of a rod; the plants touched by the rod are recorded as present in the quadrat
150 of 200
Polynucleotide
A substance made of many nucleotides linked together in a chain; RNA and DNA are polynucleotides
151 of 200
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids
152 of 200
Polysaccharide
A substance whose molecules are made of many sugar units linked together in a long chain
153 of 200
Population
A group of organisms of the same species
154 of 200
Primary Response
The response of the immune system when a pathogen is encountered for the first time
155 of 200
Primary Structure
The sequence of amino acids linked together in a polypeptide or protein
156 of 200
Product
A new substance that is made by a chemical reaction
157 of 200
Prokaryotic
A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles; bacteria are prokaryotes
158 of 200
Purine Base
A nitrogenous base whose molecules contain two carbon-nitrogen rings; adenine and guanine
159 of 200
Pyramidine Base
A nitrogenous base whose molecules contain one carbon-nitrogen ring; thymine, cytosine and uracil
160 of 200
Quadrat
A square area within which a survey of organisms is made
161 of 200
Quaternary Structure
The overall shape of a protein molecule that is made up of two or more intertwined polypeptides
162 of 200
R Group
One of the twenty or so possible groups of atoms that are attached to the central C atom in an amino acid
163 of 200
Random Sampling
Investigating small parts of a habitat that have been chosen by chance, for example by using random numbers as coordinates
164 of 200
Reproductively Isolated
Unable to breed with other members of the species
165 of 200
Retrovirus
A virus that contains RNA, for example HIV
166 of 200
Reversible Inhibition
Inhibition of an enzyme that only lasts for a short period of time, or that can be reduced by the addition of more substrate
167 of 200
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A polynucleotide made of nucleotides containing ribose
168 of 200
Ribose
A five-carbon sugar found in RNA
169 of 200
Ribosomes
Very small organelles found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
170 of 200
Salting
Adding salt to food to preserve it
171 of 200
Sampling
Investigating a small part of the whole
172 of 200
Saturated Fat
A fat in which there are no double bonds between carbon atoms
173 of 200
Secondary Response
The response of the immune system when an antigen is encountered again
174 of 200
Secondary Structure
A regular, repeating pattern of shape in a polypeptide chain, for example an alpha-helix or beta-fold
175 of 200
Selection Pressure
An environmental factor that decreases or increases the chance of survival or organisms with particular variations
176 of 200
Selective Breeding
Choosing parents that are most likely to give rise to offspring with desired characteristics, generally carried out over several generations
177 of 200
Semi-conservative Replication
The way in which new DNA molecules are formed; each new molecule consists of one old strand and one new one
178 of 200
Simpson's Index of Diversity
A measure of biodiversity in an area
179 of 200
Speciation
The production of a new species
180 of 200
Species
A group or organisms with similar morphology and physiology, which are able to breed together to produce fertile offspring
181 of 200
Species Density
The numbers of species per unit area
182 of 200
Species Evenness
A measure of the relative abundance of all the different species in a habitat; the less difference between their population sizes, the greater the species evenness
183 of 200
Specific
If an enzyme is specific it is able to bind with only a particular substrate
184 of 200
Stroke
Damage to the brain caused by a burst or blocked blood vessel
185 of 200
Structural Protein
A protein with a structural role, such as collagen or keratin; many structural proteins, but by no means all, are fibrous proteins
186 of 200
Substrate
The substance that is altered by the enzyme during an enzyme-catalysed reaction
187 of 200
Sweep Netting
Collecting insects and other organisms by sweeping a net through vegetation
188 of 200
Sympatric Speciation
The production of a new species from organisms that are living in the same place
189 of 200
Systematic Sampling
Taking samples at places selected for a reason, for example along a transect
190 of 200
T helper cell
A T-lymphocyte that secretes cytokines stimulating other white blood cells to destroy a pathogen
191 of 200
T killer cell
A T-lymphocyte that attaches to a cell containing an antigen and destroys the cell
192 of 200
Tar
A mixture of chemicals in cigarette smoke, several of which are carcinogens
193 of 200
Taxa
The hierarchical groups used in classification e.g. genus, species; singular taxon
194 of 200
Taxonomy
Grouping organisms into a heirarchy of taxa
195 of 200
Thymine
One of the four nitrogenous bases in DNA, bonds to adenine, pyramidine
196 of 200
Transect
A line along which samples are take, for example by placing quadrats
197 of 200
Triglyceride
A lipid whose molecules are made from three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
198 of 200
Uracil
One of the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA, bonds to Adenine, pyramidine
199 of 200
Variation
Differences between individuals within a species
200 of 200

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The ability to produce antibodies to destroy a pathogen

Back

Active Immunity

Card 3

Front

The part of an enzyme molecule to which the substrate binds

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A disease that only lasts for a short time

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. Bonds with Thymine. Purine

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »