AS Cardiovascular system 2021

Name the 5 types of blood vessels in the correct order starting from when blood leaves the heart. (5)

Arteries; Arterioles; Capillaries; Veins; Venules

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Draw the double circulatory system (5)

Include: Pulmonary and systemic systems; oxygen side; labels in the heart; arrows all correct

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Explain the cardiac conduction system (5)

SA node creates an initial impulse makes atria contract. AV node creates a second impulse. This travels down Bundle of His. It spreads across the bottom of the heart in the Purkinje fibres. This causes the ventricles to contract.

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Explain how the nervous system increases heart rate during exercise (5)

Chemoreceptors detect increases in CO2. Proprioreceptors detect increases in movement. These messages are sent to the medulla oblongata in the brain. Sympathetic nerve takes message to SA node. Heart rate increases. More oxygen to muscles.

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What is a typical blood pressure reading (include the units) (2)

120/80 mmHg (systolic reading over the diastolic reading)

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Name and explain the 5 venous return mechanisms

1. Gravity 2. Smooth Muscle 3. Skeletal muscle pump 4. Respiratory muscle pump 5. Pocket Valves

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Explain Starlings Law

An increase in venous return leads to an increase in stroke volume. The increase in venous return stretches the walls of the heart which causes a greater contraction of the heart leading to greater SV

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Explain the term cardiovascular drift

Increase in HR due to a decrease in SV. In hot conditions when exercising for more than 10 mins. Increase in sweating leads to decrease in blood volume and stroke volume so HR goes up.

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Identify the 2 key mechanisms used by the body to redistribute blood to the muscles during exercise

1. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation 2. Pre-capillary sphincters

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Describe Bohr Shift

When the oxyhaemaglobin curve moves to the right. Caused by 3 key factors. Increase in CO2. Increase in temperature. Decrease in PH. Causes haemaglobin to give up more oxygen to muscles

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Define the term Arteriovenous difference (AV-O2 diff)

The difference in oxygen levels in the veins and arteries

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AS Cardiovascular system 2021

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