All of C1-Particles OCR Gateway (9-1)

What are isotopes?

Different versions of an atom. Same proton/atomic number but different number of neutrons so different mass number

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Give some examples of isotopes?

Carbon-12 and Carbon-13

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Why are ions charged?

Ions have an inbalance of charges. They form when an atom looses/gains an electron(s). Gain=Negative Loose=Positive

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Explain what the Bohr Model is.

Electrons can only exsist in fixed orbits/shells-no where else. Each shell had a specific energy level. This was supported by numerous experiments & helped to explain other scientists experiments

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What's the difference between physical & chemical change?

Physical- you still end up with the same chemicals you originally had but they have changed state.This is also reversible. Chemical-the bonds are broken & rearranged to give you a new product/chemical

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Describe the arrangement,attraction & movement of liquid particles.

Attraction: some attraction between particles Movement: Free to move past each other but tend to stick together(why they don't keep definite shape/volume) & constantly move in random directions

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What was the Nuclear Atom?

A theory that Rutherford came up with after he conducted the famous Gold Foil experiment with Geiger & Marsden

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Why was this theory incorrect?

The theory stated that the atom had a small positive nucleus surrounded by a 'cloud' of electrons but was disapproved as scientists said that the atom would collapse

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Why do scientists put their work up for peer-review?

so everyone can see your new ideas, check for any errors & other scientists can use your ideas to help with their own work

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Explain Dalton's Theory about atomic structure?

Atoms are solid spheres. Different spheres made up different elements

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How does scientific knowledge develop?

New evidence prompts people to come up with new & improved ideas- used to make predictions. If proved correct by experiments,etc. are good indication that ideas were right & peer-review is also a good way too

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Who came up with the Thompson or Plum Pudding model?

J J Thompson

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Explain the P.Pudding Model

From his several experiments, Thompson concluded that atoms weren't solid spheres unlike Dalton- his measurements of charge + mass showed atoms contain smaller units- Electrons that were scattered like raisins in the positive 'pudding'

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Who & why disapproved the P.Pudding Model?

Rutherford, Geiger & Marsden did the Gold Foil Experiment- firing positive alpha particles at thin gold sheet. Most went straight through but some deflected more than they'd expected & some straight back- most of atom was empty space with +ve nucleus

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What are the limitations of the Particle Model?

The particle model doesn't take into account the size & shape of the particles or the actual space between the particles or the forces of attraction between particles-you don't know how strong/weak these forces are

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Give an example of this in terms of helium atoms & their spacing

at room temperature and pressure, the distance between helium atoms is over 50 times more than the diameter of helium atoms. This is much more than you normally see in diagrams.

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All of C1-Particles OCR Gateway (9-1)

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