1.1 Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Common features of a synovial joint - Ligament

Function - Connects bone to bone and stabilises joint movement

Structure - Tough band of elastic connective tissue

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Common features of a synovial joint - Synovial fluid

Function - Reduces friction

Structure - Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

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Common features of a synovial joint - Articular cartilage

Function - Shock absorber and allows friction free movement

Structure - Smooth tissue covering surface of articulating bones

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Common features of a synovial joint - Joint capsule

Function - Strengthens joint secreting synovial fluid

Structure - Fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

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Common features of a synovial joint - Bursa

Function - Reduces friction between bones

Structure - Closed, fluid filled sac where tendons rub over bones

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Planes of movement - Frontal

Splits body into front and back, allows for abduction and adduction

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Planes of movement - Sagittal

Splits body into left and right, allows for flexion, extension, dorsi flexion and plantar flexion

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Planes of movement - Transverse

Splits body into top and bottom, allows for horizontal extension, horizontal flexion and rotation

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Agonist

Muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Known as prime mover

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Antagonist

Muscle that opposes agonist, providing resistance for co-ordinated movement

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Fixator

Muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another part moves

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Isotonic muscle contraction (changes length)

Eccentric - Muscle contracts and gets lengthens to produce tension (i.e downward phase of a bicep curl)
Concentric - Muscle contracts and shortens to produce tension (i.e upward phase of a bicep curl)

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Isometric muscle contraction (does not change length)

Muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created (i.e holding the press up position without moving)

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Skeletal muscle contraction

1. Nerve impulse initiated in motor neurone cell body
2. Conducted down axon of motor neurone by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
3. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across th

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Muscle fibre types - Slow oxidative

Key points: Recruited and provide energy for sub-maximal aerobic work, Contract intermittently to give overall low force of contraction, Individual fibres will recover very quickly
Application for training and recovery: 1:1 or 1:0.5 work:relief ratio, Tra

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Muscle fibre types - Fast oxidative glycolytic

Key points: Designed to produce large amount of force quickly, capacity to resist fatigue.
Application for training and recovery: More likely to be used in high intensity exercise lasting a few minutes

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Muscle fibre types - Fast glycolytic

Key points: Recruited in last 2-10s of contraction, when maximal efforts are needed quickly. Accompanied by eccentric muscle fibre damage, causing DOMS.
Application for training and recovery: If fast glycolytic fibres have been used to exhaustion, they ta

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1.1 Skeletal and Muscular Systems

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