AQA AS PSYA1 (FULL STUDIES AND NOTES!)
- Created by: Farhan Munim
- Created on: 31-05-14 19:03
THIS GOT ME A HIGH GRADE B
Multi-Store Model
Distinction between STM and LTM
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
- Condition 1 free recall from a list of words
- Condition 2 free recall after distracter task (counting backwards in threes for 30 seconds)
- Condition 1 produced serial position curve
- Condition 2 found that distracter task had disrupted recency effect (last list of words recalled poorly)
è Beginning words were rehearsed and thus stored into the LTM, last list of words had no time for rehearsal and thus were displaced.
Evaluations
- + Highly controlled lab experiment and has been replicated many times
- + Several trials were done and average was recorded to avoid unrepresentative results
- - Artificiality means it might not represent how memory works in everyday life
+ refers to supporting the proposed concept
- Refers to rejecting the proposed concept
Case studies
Milner (1966) – “HM = STM”
- HM had a surgery to treat his epilepsy
- HM was able to recall events in his early life but was unable to remember events 10 years before surgery
- HM could not learn or retain new information (he’d read a magazine repeatedly without realising he had read it before)
è HM had a normal STM but his LTM now was defective
Shallice and Warrington (1970) – “KF = LTM”
- KF has brain injury after a motorcycle accident
- KF was able to learn and recall new information
è KF had normal LTM but his STM was limited to one item
Capacity of STM
Jacob (1887)
- Created a method called “The Digit Span Technique” which is used by many psychologists
è Jacobs found that people could recall about seven digits in this immediate serial recall task
Miller (1956) (Supports Jacob) – “7 -/+2 items”
- Proposed that chunking was the basic unit in STM
- Believes we can recall 7 +/-2 chunks of information at any one time
Evaluations
- - Simon (1974) says span is dependent on size of the chunk
Duration of STM
Peterson and Peterson (1959) – “Trigram”
- Presented participants with consonant trigram (e.g. CXK and LDH ß do not sound the same)
- Participants were asked to count backwards in threes from a specific number (to stop rehearsal)
- After intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12 or 18 seconds participants were asked to stop counting backwards and to repeat the trigram
- Procedure was repeated several times using different trigrams
è Participants were able to recall about 80% of trigrams after 3 second interval without rehearsal but became worse (10% after 18 seconds)
è Concluded that information disappears or decays very rapidly when rehearsal is prevented
Evaluations
- + Lab experiment and therefore highly controlled
- + Was repeated to avoid individual differences
- …
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