Unite 4

• Based on the idea that participation is for love and enjoyment rather than money
• leisure activity in their own time
• no payment
• their choice to take part

May do it to:

• release stress
• keeps body healthy
• opportunity to socialise
• train and improve their skills

May gain monry indirectly for participating as payment to amateurs is illegal

How they can make a living:

• expenses- travel
• gifts- cash
• scholarships
• sponsorship

• sport is their job
• receive financial reward for participating and how they make their living
• professionals train on a full time basis
• majority sign contracts

How they earn money:

• wages- agents assist their salaries
• bonuses- success
• appearance money- paid extra to play in certain comps
• winnings- prize money
• transfer fees
• media work
• sponsorship

• invite all performers to compete from all backgrounds and genders

professionals wins = prize money

amatuer wins = medal

• Improved sports facilities and increase in leisure time means that amateurs can commit more to their sports
• have more time to increase their facilities and skills
• some amateurs do turn proffessional- as they become more successful their desire to win grows

E.g. David Beckham is sponsored by H and M and Calvin Klein

Definition- Providing financial rewards to performars for advertising a product

Advantages to the sponsorship:

• people become aware to the brand
• brands=associated with success
• attracts more customers
• finacial gain through tax relief
• worldwide exposure
• media coverage
• linking brand with certain sport

Dsiadvantages to the sponsorship:

• if athletes performance decreases, so may sales
• relies on image of athlete
• unpopular sports which are sponsored may not bring in as much money
• indivivual behaviour= negative effect
• athletes become injured= limits investment return 

Advantages to performer:

• top equipment and clothing
• atheltes become more well known- face of the brand
• pays for coaching
• provides transport
• provides a living
• receive extra products
• relieves financial concern

Disadvantages to performer:

• if brand becomes unpopular so could the athlete
• sponsorship may be short term
• have to fulfil other demands
• limit flexibility- have to stick to contract
• may have to advertise when not competiting
• only wear clothes from their company
• always have to appear/perform at their best to keep sponsorship

Media- the ways that information is conveyed to the general public

Types of media:

• TV
• Radio
• Internet
• Newspaper

Newspaper- tabloids and broadsheets

• broad appeal and male dominated sports
• cover and analyse sport in more depth, offer more variety of sport

TV

• Broadcast instantaneous sporting action to a large audience around the world
• TV has helped rarely watched sports increase viewings
• Raised performance earnings
• Pressure for the athletes to compete at highest level and to win
• TV can dramatise problems within the sporting world

Terrestrial- financed by revenue from TV licence sales

Satellite- financed by monthly subscription (sky, BT, virgin)

What does the independent televission commission do?

• Organises the allocation of sporting events between terrestrial and satellites

Gender Inequalities

• can be reflected by the media
• presenters

Radio

• started to report live events
• listen to commentators on various matches

The Internet

• Holds various information, resources and services which are up to date
• The influence of the internet on sport has been phenominal
• Watch highlights directly on your phone

• camera angles
• pundits knowledge
• newspaper column
• replays- slow motion
• technology
• tactics

• rules have been introduced to speed up the action - prevent boredom
• changes made in scoring create more excitement
• breaks are provided in play so sponsors can advertise
• format of comps changed
• some competiton seasons have been extended
• 4th official has been introduced to help make decisions
• media coverage= inc participation
• can hype up events
• interactive tech- viewers can follow certain players
• action replays- more detailed analysis

• athletes can be put under pressure to perform even when injured
• businesses now have more control of sport
• commentators have an influence over spectators

• Informative programmes- news (sky, bbc)
• Educational programmes - documentary learn about skills and tactics
• Instructibe programmes- - cricket tests matches
• Entertaining programmes- quiz shows

• they chose the highlights to watch
• usually the best of the action and any contentious moments
• can be over analysed by pundits- specific bad moments more talked about than the game

• Live sporting programmes (e.g. Ford super sunday)
• Highlight programme (e.g. match of the day)
• Documentaries (e.g. David beckhams 7 continents)
• News bulletins (e.g. sky sports news channel)
• Dedicated channels (e.g. F1 or chelsea TV)

• offering competitons
• inviting stars as guests on programmes
• advertising services connected to the sport
• role models performing
• showing live coverage
• including analysis
• offering dedicated sports channels
• viewing of minority sports 

Why is there more leisure time?

• overall less time is spent in the workplace
• increase in number of people working from home
• increase in technology- replacing people - reduces hours available for employees
• improved technology- labor saving devices around home - less time needed for housework
• increase of part time work
• paid holidays- time and money to spend in leisure
• rise in unemployment - concessions are made reduced fees so they can participate

User groups:

local authorities often provide courses to specific user groups:

• unemplyed
• mother and toddler
• shift workers
• disabled
• senior citizens

• Taking part in a physical acitivty for recreation, rewards the participation intrinisically rather that extrinisically

Intrinsic- how a person feels as a result of physical persuit and not about league position

Extrinsic- financial gain/how many medals they've won

Intrinsic rewards:

• satisfied with the personal challenge
• enjoyment
• fulfilled
• mentally satisfied
• feeling good about the activity
• motivated to take part

• activities that are associated with a challenge in the natural environment

Examples:

• mountain activities
• climbing
• life saving
• sailing
• rowing

OR - geared towards fun and relaxation however there is an element of danger

• must have specialist knowledge
• appropriate experience to the challenge
• ability to use the equipment
• make accurate judgements under pressure
• be physically able to deal with conditions
• be prepared to use a contingency plan

• sports that can be carried out throughout life

These sports tend to be non-contact sports e.g. golf

Benefits of persuing a sport throughout life:

• continue to reach new physical and mental levels
• puts into practice knowledge
• work at their own pace
• keeps fit
• keeps mind focussed
• keeps in social contact with others of similar interests

• helps a person achieve a balanced diet/lifestyle
• can chose between comptetive sport/non-competitve
• participate throughout your life

Recreation-  time to relax, do something active and healthy and aspect of leisure. Activities are for fun and can be individual or in a group

Examples- pilates, aerobics, dancing, yoga, cycling

Leisure- the proportion of the day a person has when they are free from everyday duties of life. voluntary/ for pleasure

leisure time- sleeping, eatnig, bodily functions

Benefits:

• general fitness- inc
• suitable for all ages
• participation can continue throughout life
• social benefits
• can be completed at indvidual pace 
• being non-competitive can be appealing

Advances in sport:

• slow motion
• apps which allow analysis of performance
• 4th officials

Advances:

• equipment
• facilities
• sports science helps coaching and training methods 

Equipment:

• new materials e.g. development of tennis rackets
• advances in nutrition
• new playing surfaces

Disadvantages to the people who cannot afford it

Avida wrist watches monitor times and allow coaches to communicate with swimmers

• cameras
• video reference
• 4 way microphone system
• instant replays
• stump microhpones- cricket
• hawkeye- cricket

Dart fish:

• analyse techniques in slow motion
• correct technique
• comapre to fastest tim
• immdeiate preview

• give instant feedback
• use visual support to help understanding
• record performances which helps comparisons to be made
• can be applied to different sports
• replays are controllable for more complex analysis

Heart rate monitors:

Stand alone/linked to a computer

• speed
• effort
• work rate

Footpads

Attached to the laces of an athelete to record:

• speed 
• distance
• pace
• level of performance

Ladder

can be organised in a way that they:

• offer an appropriate level of ability competiton
• provide immediate promotion
• provide easy ways to understand rankings 
• provide clear directions about how to progress

Leage

can be ogranised in a way that they:

• produce fair results over time
• provide the opportunity to make amends for mistakes
• are good for consistent performers
• offer a variety of formats
• can offer play offs
• can accomodate large numbers

Knock outs

Can be organised in a way that they:

• randomly draw teams each round- winner goes to next round
• seed certain teams to spice up finals
• have a secondary draw for losing team
• offer an element of surprise/risk
• draw teams for round one only- seeding determines oppositions after

Advantages:                                                  Disadavantages:

• fast                                                          team may only play once/no second chances
• cater for large number                                good team may get knocked out early
• high excitments- loses are excluded          some teams will get more games
• relatively easy to organise/run                    could be unfair
• teams play at their best from start
• comp=quick