Topic 1 and 2

National rules must not be an obsticle to EU Law.

Facts: D not brought w/in time limit

MS have obligations under Art 3

Subject clear and precise= use against MS leg that's incompatable

Rights on I, indentifyable rights & link between the obligation and damage

Aims of D not met MS must make good 'any loss and damage sustained as a result of the failure to implement the directive

D can't be used against I

Nat law past and present should be interpreted in accordance w/ EU Law

Not always possible but as far as possible

Prelim ruling should be question on interpretation

Art 18 TFEU gives verticle DE and individual rights for all treaties

Clear and unconditional

TREATIES HAVE VERTICAL DIRECT EFFECT

Equal pay case 

Horisontal DE for Treaties

Horisontal and vertical DE for Regulations

R have DE and as a result create individual rights

Only vertical DE for D

Clear precise and unconditional

D time limit must pass before DE can be invoked 

Is it effective if individuals can't rely on it in nat court?

Unconditional and precise

Vertical DE for D

If procedural requirement not met the law is void

Prelim rulings- interpretation of treaty and interpretation and validity of acts of agencies of EU

No judicial remedy under nat law= prelim ref

EU should 'make good any loss and damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties'

CILFIT: No obligation to refer if previous CJEU ruling or if it is irrelevant 

Dzodzi v Belgium: National court determines the relevance

Da Costa: Previous ruling does not stop a referance

Rheinmuhlen: National precedent of interpretation doesn't stop reference

Foglia: No genuine dispute

Meilicke: Hypothetical question

Telemarsicabruzzo: Insufficiant information

Natural or legal person

Individually concerned if it 'affects his legal position, in a manner which is both definate and immediate, by restricting his rights or by imposing obligations on him' 

National court has no jurisdiction to declare measures by community institutions invalid

Only CJEU can declare EU law invalid

Measures should be appropriate and necesary for objectives

If there is a choice, the least onerous should be chosen

When looking at legal basis there is a 'predominant aim and content' rule

Commission thinks MS has failed obligation: gives reasoned opinion to MS

If MS doesn't comply in time C brings MS to CJEU

MS 1 thinks MS 2 has not fulfilled obligations

C gives reasoned opinion

If opinion not w/in 3 months case can be brought to CJEU

Schoppenstedt: Sufficiantly serious breech

Dumortier: Causation

Bergaderm: Rule confers rights on individuals

SL can arise if D not implemented properly

Also for Administrative Acts Headley Lomas

Conflicting nat law must be set aside whether before or after EU Law

State Liability if incorrect interpretation of community law

Public body provides a service under state control and w/ special powers beyond those normally applicable between individuals

EU Law takes precedence over national law including national constitutional law

D doesn't mean stricter rules can't be brought in be MS

EU has competance to harmonise laws

Misuse of powers ie legal basis to evade procedure= claim