to what extent is securitisation occurring
- Created by: patrick flood
- Created on: 29-05-14 09:45
religious participation and belief
Evidence for
Attendance
- WILSON- in Britain been a decline in church attendance 1851 40% attendance church 2010 regular church attendance 6%
- Ave age of church attender is now 51
- Ceremonies e.g. weddings/ Baptisms dropping to 32% of weddings now take place in church under 20% of babies now baptized
- Fewer churches and fewer religions clergy/ ministers
Beliefs
- 2011 census for England/ Wales number of people who say they are Christen has dropped dramatically from 72% to 59%
- Number of people who say they have no religion risen from 15% to 25%
religious participation and beliefs
Evidenced against
- Statistics problematic, socially constructed- different churches measure participation in different ways-
- Making comparisons difficult to make
Some churches show increasing membership e.g. Jehova witnesses, and Islam, Hindu membership doubled in the UK in the last 40 years
Those who argue sec is occurring- ignore NRM/NAM membership
Church membership remains important in some areas e.g. NI 70%- America 40% attend church
evaluation
This measure assumes that religion was once indeed important- known as the golden age of religion
Where people claim that society was once more religious when church attendance was higher David martin questions this argues- this may not have happened
People might of gone to church in the past to seem respectable rather than because they were particularly religious
religious disengagement
Church and the state becoming more separate e.g. church as less influence over the Gove, education and the law
Evidence for
- Wilson-agues religious organizations seen a decline in their power, wealth, influence/prestige
- Decline in political role of the church especially declining control of education and social welfare-been taken over by specialist secular parts of the Gove- SD
- Bruce church/ state more separate church disagrees with the Gove
- Socialization- Church used to be center of the community today church simply not involved in many committees as it was
- May be not the case for ethnic minorities
- Religion changed- today less about influencing the state more about meeting needs of the individual
- Disengament may not mean that people are less religious perhaps religion just changed not declined
religious disengagement
Evidence against
- Parsons- SD has lead to religion becoming increasingly specialized and religion performs fewer functions as society become industrialized
- Martin- church may have been corrupt in past in its influence so not so good influence today the church has more influence on spiritual matters not necessarily indicating a decline in influence
Church is still influential e.g.
- Salvation Army still helps the poor
- Catholic Church sill influences catholic people about contraception
In some cultures religion remains V important e.g. fundamental Islamic sates
religious pluralism
Evidence for
Wilson- religious pluralism means that religion is no longer promoting VC or **- lost its force as an integrating influence – cannot unite
Bruce losts of religions to chose form reinforces the idea beliefs are a personal preference a choice A option- choice leads to religions competing- undermines their credibility
Wilson- ecumenical movement which was about brining churches together was a sign of religion getting weaker
Growth of NRMs/NAMs means that people have become spiritual shoppers- suggest that their beliefs less strong
religious pluralism
Evidence against
A growth of different types of religion means that religion still valid/ important or maybe we are even seeing
A religious revival- religion coming back/ becoming more important
Resacuralsation- interest/ belief in the scared is coming back
Religion as a compensator- NAMs/ NRMs becoming important in meeting needs of an individual
desacralisation and rationalisation
Evidence for
Weber- that there is a process of demystification of the world means that the world increasingly becoming dominated by rational ideas and not by mystery/ Magic and the super natural
Desacrelaisation as the disenchantment of the world
Bruce scientific discoveries have explained lots of events e.g. earthquakes so religious expiations les credible
People have began to turn to sci not religion for answers
Herzberg churches themselves less religious
desacralisation and rationalisation
Evidence against
People still prefer religious explanations for random events
People sill believe in fate/luck
Growth of NRMs/NAMs means that there is still an important place in life for non rational ideas
secularisation of religion institutions
Evidence for
Herzberg- seen especially in the US where the church as seemed to have abandoned its original religious aims – been a decline in authentic religion
Religion has become a way of life a way of expressing American identify religion turned in to a therapy
Bruce- some ideas in the UK have been watered down/ abandoned e.g. heaven / hell
secularisation of religion institutions
Evidence against
The growth of fundamental religious groups where there is a strong commitment to literal interpretations of religious texts challenges Herzberg’s augments
Isn’t the growth of fundamentalism evidence of authentic religion
Davie believing with out belonging
D explored the relationship between religion/modernity
Argues that that people TODAY may believe in religion but not BELONG to any formal organization
Evidence- events such as 9/ 11 disappearance of April Jones where there was a V public outpouring of belief
D claims that although people do not attend church as much they sill clam to BELIEVE in the supernatural/ turn to religion in times of NEED-
in fact a minority of people are religious on behalf of a silent majority and that those in the majority appreciate their efforts
D calls this vicarious religion
Davie concludes
- If we use church attendance then religion is declining
- However people continue to BELIEVE in religion even if they don’t BELONG
-
However…..
Voas/ Crocket 05 challenge Davie and argue that that believing/ belonging are falling at a similar rate
the Kendal project
An important study- a team of researchers lead by Paul Heelas set out to test the spiritual revolution Theism- claims that there is a spiritual revolution occurring- significant growth in new age spirituality
The researchers identified two possible trends
Secularization theorists argue that there is a decline in trad Christianity, with god who tells people what to do in their lives
Sacralsatation theorist ague there is a growth in new age spirituality
methodology
- Chose the town of Kendal to test the SRT has a population of 28,000 small enough to be investigated thoroughly/ large enough to have a range of traditional religions and new age spiritualities
- Focus of research was a comparison between the congregational domain and the holistic menu
- Con domain represented by 25 Christen churches / chapels- head count was taken of those who attended on the 26/11/02
-
Holistic menu refers to those who practice actives in which they see as involving the whole person- combining mind body and spirit- inclusion of sprit critical- if an activity not seen as spiritual that person not included in the spiritual menu
A questionnaire was used to count those involved with new age spiritualities/ in depth interviewing explored the attractions of the NA
results
Head count fir churches/ chapples was 2207-8.95 of the population of Kendal- same percentage for Brittan as a whole
Attendance figures form 1950S onwards show sig decline
Holistic growth saw strong growth- 95 practitioners of spiritual activates in 02 1970s only 3 in the yellow pages by 1999 grown to 600
1.6% of the population of Kendal
However only 55% considered these activates to be of spiritual significance-0.9% of the population
conclusion
In Heelas/ Woodheads words the SP had Cleary not taken place in Kendal
At 1st site 0.9% involved in holistic spiritual practices seems a long way from the 7.95 involved in the congregational domain
However trends suggest a different pic if present trends continue then the revolution will take place in 20 or 30 years
evaluation
The Kendal project important piece of research, it provides a measurement of new age spirituality, second looks at trends over time
how do these findings fit into the sec debate
The trends identified suggest that NAS cannot be dismissed as easily as some sec theorists argue
However numbers involves still fairly small
Can new age spirituality be compared to religion- although many people believe in the holistic practices many have a spiritual aspect, this is V different form believing in/ praying to a supper natural being
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