SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCES

Gender:

• less female role models in sports
• women percieved as the 'weaker sex'
• more media coverage of men in sport
• often less prize money, salaries, sponsorship or funding for sportswomen
• media focuses on womens personal life rather than sporting achievements

Ethnicity, race, religion and culture:

• dress codes, such as the Sikh requires men to wear turbans
• less role model elite sportspeople from ethnic minority backgrounds
• Ramadan fasting - energy levels are lower

Age:

• skills can improve with age + experience
• younger people have more free time
• older people take longer recovery time and are more likely to have ill health
• tidal volume + stroke decreases (its harder to get oxygen to the working muscles)
• strength increases and flexibility decreases with age

Family, friends + peers:

• peer group participation in sport will make you more likely to participate ( vice versa)
• family provide equipment, transport + can be role models
• peer pressure (positive + negative)

Disability:

• limited opportunities, travel, facilities + qualified teachers/coaches
• increased media coverage (paralympics)
• different disabilities can make competitions unfair

Commercialisation = the management or exploitation of a person, organisation or activity in a way designed to make profit.

The Media:

• Broadcast - TV + Radio
• Internet - Social media, search engines + websites
• Print/press - Newspapers, magazines + books
• Outdoor - billboards

Sponsor = an individual or group (usually a company) that provides support to an event, activity, person or organisation.

Sponsorship = provision of funds or other support to an event, activity, person or organisation in return for some kind or commercial return.

Types of sponsorship: financial, clothing/equipment/footwear, facilicites

• On peformers: Money, able to afford better coaching. Turn them into role models. More competitions, increases performance standard.

• On officials: Makes them role models. Money, career path develops.

• On the sport: Attracts attention, increases participation. Money for kit, equipment, facilities, coaches + players.

• On audience/spectators: Scheduled events, people can watch on media. Commentary available. Info about fixtures and ranking provided.

• On the sponsor/company: Name/brand linked to positive, healthy, triumphant activity. Advertisment to wide audience.

• On performer: increases pressur, reduces enjoyment. Mistakes made public. Distracted from training. More competitions- overtraining + injury.

• On officials: Increased pressure to make decisions, reduces enjoyment. Mistakes made public.

• On the sport: Rules change to meet medias requirements. Over exposure- people lose interest.

• On audience/spectators: More people stay home and watch. Expensive to watch. Harder to get tickets.

• On the sponsor/company: Scandal- reputation damaged.

Hawkeye = Computer system, uses several cameras to track the flight and tragectory of balls.

Performance analysis aids/dartfish = Include wearable technology to monitor and record a performer.

TV match officials (VAR) = Video assistant referees that check and review the decisions made by on-field match officials.

Impacts (positive + negative):

• On performer - Help improve performance. Able to question decisions made against them. Expensive. Disrupt play.
• On the sport -  Fair competitions. Garantees correct decisions. Disrupts play.
• On officials - Provides help and they can communicate. Undermines poor decisions. They can become too reliant - wasting time.
• On audience/spectators - See how decisions are made. Causes unrest if decisions aren't reviewed.
• On the sponsor/company - Reflects good image - fair. Not available at all levels of sport.

Etiquette: A convention or unwritten rule.

Sportsmanship: Conforming to rules, spirit + etiquette of a sport.

Gamesmanship: Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules.

Contract to compete: An unwritten agreement between opponents to abide by all rules.

Performance Enhancing Drugs:

• Anabolic agents/steroids
• Beta blockers
• Blood doping
• Diuretic 
• Narcotic analgesics
• Peptide horemones
• Stimulants

Positives + Negatives:

• Energetic atmosphere
• Source of revenue
• Give performers home-field advantage
• Increase profile of support

• Pressure performers
• Scare off younger performers
• Cause trouble/hooliganism
• Costs money to manage

Stratagies to combat hooliganism:

• Early kick-offs
• Improved security
• All-seater stadiums
• Segregation of fans
• Alcohol restrictions
• Travel restrictions & banning orders
• Educating spectators - encouraging good behaviour