PE GCSE Paper 2
- Physical Education
- Participation in physical activityCommercialisationEthical and socio-cultural issuesGoal settingSkillsMental preparationGuidance and feedback
- GCSE
- OCR
- Created by: ella
- Created on: 20-11-21 23:13
Ethical and socio-cultural issues
Sportsmanship:
- Ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event.
Gamesmanship:
- The use of methods, especially in a sports contest, that are dubious or seemingly improper but not strictly illegal.
Deviance:
- Falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable.
Positive deviance:
- Behaviour that is outside the norm but with no intention to harm or break the rules.
Negative deviance:
- Behaviour that goes against the norm and has a detrimental effect on others.
Drugs
- A drug is a chemical substance that is used to improve any form of sport performance in humans.
- Can cause some side effects which are unpleasant.
- Using performance enhancing drugs is an example of deviance.
Advantages:
- Changes of success
- Fame
- World records
Disadvantages:
- Cheating and immoral
- Health risks
- Reputation damage
Anabolic Steriods
- Mimics the male sex hormone testosterone which promotes bone and muscle growth.
Desired effects:
- Quicker recovery
- Train harder and longer
- Muscular hypertrophy
- Increased aggression
Negative side effects:
- Liver and kidney damage
- High blood pressure
- Acne
- Reduced sperm count in men
- Development of breasts in men
- Facial hair growth, baldness and deepening of the voice in females
- Increased aggression
Sporting examples - sprinters and boxers
Beta Blockers
- A drug that is used to control the heart rate and have a calming and relaxing affect.
Desired effects:
- Reduces heart rate
- Keeps hand steady
- Reduces the effect of adrenaline
Negative side effects:
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Drowsiness/fatigue
- Headache
- Slow heart beat
Sporting examples - archery, shooting (needing a steady hand)
Stimulants
- A drug that has an effect on the central nervous system, such as increased mental and/or physical alertness.
Desired effects:
- Make athletes more alert
- Masks fatigue
- Quick reactions
Negative side effects:
- Heart failure
- Addictive
Sporting examples - sprinters and boxers
Age
Positive:
- Sport England strategy 'Create a sporting habit for life'.
Barrier:
- Old or young people that have a lack of confidence/self-esteem in taking part.
Gender
Positive:
- Investment of funding to encourage female participation including 'Active Women's projects' and 'This Girl Can'.
Barrier:
- Stereotypical/traditionally linked gender sport bias.
Ethnicity
Positive:
- Funding of the 'Sporting Equals' project that is designed ti help more people from black and minority ethnic (BME) communities to get involved.
Barrier:
- Fewer coaching opportunites in football for black and minority ethnic groups.
Religion/culture
Positive:
- Development of sport hijabs being worn by female role models in different sporting competitions.
Barrier:
- Certain faiths and beliefs discouraging participation in certain types of activity.
Family
Positive:
- A brother that gives their sister a lift in the car to go swimming.
Barrier:
- A young sporter whose family don't bother to watch them race.
Education
Positive:
- Sport England funding for schools towards improving facilities and practical support.
Barrier:
- Schools with run down facilities and a limited extra-curricular programme.
Time/work commitments
Positive:
- Companies who build leisure facilities within the workplace to make it easier for employees to keep fit and active.
Barrier:
- Parents with a young family may find it difficult to take part regularly in their sporting interests.
Cost/disposable income
Positive:
- Concessions for children and the elderly in swimming pools.
Barrier:
- People unable to afford expensive gym memberships.
Disability
Positive:
- The Inclusive sports programme created to increase the number of disabled people playing sport.
Barrier:
- Clubs that are unable to afford specialist equipment required to enable disabled to participate.
Opportunity/access
Positive:
- Sport England 'Sportivate' programme aimed at 14-25 year olds to find a sport they love.
Barrier:
- Local gym facilities that are inaccessible, lack specialist equipment and untrained staff in disability awareness.
Discrimination
Positive:
- It can help raise the profile of issues such as the culture of male dominance in sport.
Barrier:
- A lack of opportunity, provision and esteem for different social groups within sport and physical activity.
Environment/climate
Positive:
- Access to green space and/or natural enviroment that enables participation in outdoor adventurous activities.
Barrier:
- Living in a rural area that has limited access to sports facilities such as an ice skating rink.
Media coverage
Positive:
- Exposure of less known sports or activities such as mountain biking or other extreme sports.
Barrier:
- Coverage of injuries may put people off from participating or people spending their time watching rather than playing.
Role models
Positive:
- Successful Paralympic athletes in London 2012 and other major competitions inspiring people to participate.
Barrier:
- Limited role models in less well known sports/activity such as Boccia and rock-climbing.
Strategies to improve participation
Promotion:
- Convincing people they should take up sport
- Increase media coverage of women's sport, ethnic minority sport and disability sport
- More role models, especially women, BME and disability sports stars
- Campaigns such as 'Kick it Out' Disability Football and 'This Girl Can' by Sport England
- Challenge stereotyping
- Improve advertising of sessions/activities in the local area and media
- Improve advertising of campaigns and promotions such as free swimming for over 50s age group
Strategies to improve participation
Provision:
- Facilities/ equipment/ coaching
- Provision can be local (through the local authority, private enterprise or voluntary clubs and associations) or national (UK Sport, national sports centres, sports institutes and academies)
- More PE in National Curriculum for schools
- Increase opportunities for women's sport, minority sport and disability sport (women only sessions, Kabaddi, wheelchair basketball)
- Run sessions for specific groups, for example over 50s or women only
- Plan the timing of sessions to target certain groups, for example for parents with young children put on mid-morning sessions after the school run
- Provide creche facilities to run alongside activity sessions
- Provide activities that families can take part in together
- Provide facilities that are easy to get to and cater for the community needs
Strategies to improve participation
Access
- Creating opportunities for people to participate by making it easier for them to engage in sport
- Sports and facilities need to be local, available and affordable
- Transport – the availability of public transport, adequate car parking, safe cycling/walking routes or any free or specialist transport available
- Entry – ramps/wider doors for disabled access
- Equipment – the availability to hire equipment that is adapted for age/disability, for example hoists for swimming pool access
- Cost – sensible pricing to participate, reduced charges for certain groups, for example unemployed, low cost for equipment hire
- Allow alternative dress codes to reduce religious/cultural discrimination
- Availability of additional coaches/specialists to help with communication for disabled/ESL participants
- Adapt sports to make them more accessible – walking football, football golf, rush hockey
Commercialisation
- Sport is now a global product. High-profile sports attract massive media interest and huge sponsorship deals.
- Definition: Commercialisation refers to the influence of commerce, trade or business on an industry (e.g. SPORT) to make a profit.
Television
TV companies buy broadcasting rights to certain sports events.
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To view events a subscriber must make an extra payment (pay-per-view).
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Only those who can afford to subscribe have access to the event.
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This can generate sponsorship (money) for the sport.
The Golden Triangle
- Sport
- Media
- Sponsorship
This refers to the relationship and interdependence of media, sport and sponsorship - each one needs the others to succeed.
Sport
Advantages for Sport:
- Helps promote sport - media promotes what is happening through a variety of forms.
- Creates more money for many sports - Such as better facilities and coaching then available.
- Promotes a healthy, active lifestyle - for all to see.
Disadvantages for Sport:
Deviance
- Loss of Integrity for the sport
- Costs a lot of money to extablish strong bonds, maintain media coverage and sponsorship deals
Certain sports dominate
- Such as Football is shown more than most other sports
- They don't have widespread media coverage, therefore they have little to no sponsors.
Media coverage
Advantages for Media:
- Has various different forms - Such as TV, Radio, Newspaper, Apps, Social Media etc.
- Role - They are there to educate, inform and entertain the audience.
- TV affects Sports - More people are watching the sport.
- Increased participation - People can be inspired by what they see through the Media
- Increased Money - Media pay a lot of money to air certain sports.
- Role Models - Such as Jessica Ennis-Hill shows how successful women can be in sport.
Disadvantages for Media:
- Too much sport on TV - People would rather watch on TV, rather than participating.
- Bad Behaviour - Role models detering people from participating and watching.
- Irresponsible Press Coverage - Personal lives of sports people, as well as hooliganism.
- Media Demands - Changing kick off times in order to accomodate what the media wants.
- Pay per View - It is expensive and means every sport isn't accesible for all
Sponsorship
Advantages of Sponsorship:
- Increase money - funding for kit and similar types of equipment.
- Allow participation as a job.
- Clubs have some level of financial security.
- Inexpensive form of advertising.
Disadvantages of Sponsorship:
- Bad Image - Such as Alcohol, Gambling, Loans etc. Such adverts aren't always promoting positive images.
- Pressure on Demands - Clubs have to perform well, because they portray the sponsor e.g. Adidas told Man UTD to perform better as they weren't playing well.
Characteristics of Skill
Motor skills – is an action or task that has a target or goal and requires voluntary limb or body movements toachieve it.
- Efficient - no wasted effort in the movement. For example, a top level butterfly swimmer will not make any unnecessary splashing and kicking when racing.
- Predetermined - the performer knows what they are doing and what they are trying to achieve. For example, a good badminton player can play a serve with disguise into the corner so it beats the opponent.
- Coordinated - all the parts (or subroutines) of the skill are linked together seamlessly. For example, a triple jumper's hop, step and jump movements must be in the right place at the right time.
- Fluent - flowing and smooth. For example, a high class trampolinist will perform a routine so that each move flows smoothly into the next.
- Aesthetic - it looks good. For example, an international slalom snowboarder races stylishly and looks good to the spectators.
- Good technique - correct technique when executing the skill. For example, a good hockey player will hit the ball with good technique to a team-mate during a match.
Classification of skills - Environment
Environmental continuum:
Open skills are skills:
- Affected by the environment.
- Usually externally paced
- Occur when performers have to make decisions and adapt their skills to a changing or unpredictable environment.
- The performer is not in control of what will happen next.
Closed skills are skills:
- That are not affected by the environment.
- Usually self-paced
- Occur in fixed or predictable situations.
- The performer uses exactly the same technique every time and is in control of what happens next.
Classification of skills - Difficulty
Difficulty continuum:
Skills can be classed according to the types of judgementsand decisions made when performing the skill.
- Simple Skills – simple straightforward skill, with hardly any judgements and decisions. Taught as a whole and in a fairly repetitive way, e.g. a sprint start in swimming.
- Complex Skills – make many decisions, skill may have to be learned in stages, e.g. slip catch in cricket, a tennis serve or a pass by a midfield player in hockey who has to make lots of decisions before she passes.
Goal Setting
We use goal setting because it:
- Motivates performers and keeps them working hard.
- More likely to adhere to exercise – stick with the exercise programme.
- Gives performers a better chance to improve fitness levels.
- Helps to improve / optimise performance.
- Allows progress to be made to your training.
Goals can be related to the performance or outcome:
- Performance goals are directed to the performance or technique e.g. to keep my elbow high in shot put.
- Outcome goals are directed to the end result e.g. ensure the shotput lands over 5m.
SMART
SPECIFIC
- The goal must be specific so the performer knows exactly what they aim to achieve.
MEASURABLE
- You must be able to measure your progress.
ACHIEVABLE
- The goal must be possible for the performer to reach.
RECORDED
- Logging the goal and the progress made will enable the performer to see how close they are getting to their target. It is also motivating to do this.
TIMED
- The goal must have a definite beginning and end, giving the performer a time limit to achieve.
Mental Preparation
- Anxiety- the fear that something will not go as we want it to.
- Cognitive anxiety management techniques- methods of coping that affect the mind.
- Somatic anxiety management techniques- methods of coping with the effects on the body.
Mental preparation techniques include:
- Imagery
- Mental rehearsal
- Selective Attention
- Positive thinking
Imagery
Imagery is a mental or psychological technique in which the performer imagines or visualises themselves being successful in their performance. Through imagery, the performer may recreate a good past performance or may ‘make up’ a positive new experience, for example before taking a penalty a footballer might picture the ball hitting the back of the net.
Mental Rehearsal
External – seeing yourself doing it
Internal – seeing it through your own eyes
Selective attention
Selective attention is where the performer focuses their concentration on what they are doing or about to do and ignores all other distractions. A sprinter uses selective attention on the blocks at the start of the race. A goal keeper in football will filter out crowd noise and the shouting of opponents in order to focus on saving the goal.
Positive Thinking
Helps an athelete stay optimistic.
Guidance
- Refers to the way in which information is given to oteach a skill.
- The way in which to teach the skill changes dependent om the complexity of the skill.
The 4 ways are:
- Visual
- Verbal
- Manual
- Mechanical
Visual guidance
When guidance is presented in a form that the performer can look at.
Advantages:
- Useful for all levels of performer.
- Especially good for inexperienced performers.
- Visions is most peoples' dominant sense.
- Allows performers to see what is required.
- Specific aspects of whole skills can be observed.
- Performers can copy what they have seen.
Disadvantages:
- Demonstration or image must be of a good quality.
- Some skills are too complex to demonstrate.
- Performers may not pay attention.
Sporting examples:
- Showing athletes how to do a lay-up in basketball through a poster.
Verbal guidance
When a coach describes how to perform a skill or tells a performer something e.g feedback.
Advantages:
- Especially useful for higher level performers.
- Good way of highlighting key teaching points.
- Useful for sharing basic information and instruction.
- Questioning can often make a performer think.
Disadvantages:
- Can result in 'information overload'.
- Can be boring.
- Sports arena are often noisy.
- Complex things are often difficult to explain.
Sporting examples:
- Coaching giving feedback from the side line.
Manual guidance
A coach physically moving a performer into the correct position/supporting them to do the skill.
Advantages:
- Good for complete beginners.
- Allows some development of correct feel.
Disadvantages:
- A movement can feel different when someone else is moving your body for you.
- Performer may not think that they are actually performing it themselves.
Sporting examples:
- moving a player into the correct position e.g a coach holding a racket at the same time as a tennis player and practicing to serve.
Mechanical guidance
When equipment is used to assist in the coaching process.
Advantages:
- Good for potentially dangerous skills.
- Can allow performer to gain a feel for a movement without fear.
- Good for building confidence.
Disadvantages:
- Equipment may be expensive.
- Performer can come to rely on the aid.
Sporting examples:
- Harness for teaching somersaults in trampolining.
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