Organic Analysis

• Detecting drugs in athletes
• Monitor/track pollutants
• Locate oil deposits by testing rock samples
• Assessing the damage on human genes via environment
• Identify the country of origin of diamonds

• Can be used to find the molecular mass (Mr) ofa compound. 
• The peak with the heighest mass/charge value (x-axis) is equal to the Mr.
• The peak at highest m/z also equals the molecular ion.
• X = Mass/Charge, Y = Relative abundance%

High resolution: 

• Used to identify compounds that appear to have the same Mr when rounded.
• Can measure the Mr to 4 decimal places.

• Pairs of atoms joined by a covalent bond continually vibrate at a specific frequency.
• The vibrations have a frequency in the infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. 
• A beam of inrared radiation is shone onto the compound with increases the amplitude of the vibration.
• Each bond has adifferent natural frequency vibration, enabling chemists to identify what is present. 
• Y = Transmittance%, X = Wavenumber cm-1.
• Functional groups can be found between 4000-1500cm-1. 
• The fingerprint region = below 1500cm-1, is unique to a particular compound and is used to find out what it is using a computed database. Extra peaks in this region shows impurities. 

Test 1:

• Add 10 drops of alcohol to 2cm3 of acidified potassium dichromate in a test tube.
•  Warm mixture gently in a hot water bath.
• Primary/Secondary = Turns from orange to green(P-aldehyde formed,S-ketone formed) Tertiary = doesn't change. 

Test 2:

• Add excess alcohol to 2cm3 of acidified potassium dichromate in a round bottomed flask and attach to distillation apparatus. 
• Gently heat flask , alcohol gets oxidised and the product will be distilled immediatly. Ketone or aldehyde will be produced

Test 3:

• Add 2cm3 of Fehling's or Benedict's solution to 5 drops of aldehyde/ketone and put into a warm water bath. 
• Aldehyde = brick red precipitate.

• Put 2cm3 of 0.10mol/dm-3 silver nitrate solution to a test tube.
• Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution, light brown precipitate is formed. 
• Add dilute ammonia solution until precipitate dissolves.
• Place test tube in hot water bath and add 10 drops of aldehyde/ketone and wait.
• Aldehyde = silver mirror, reduced the Ag+ ions to silver atoms.
• Ketone = nothing happens 

• Testing for the presence of double bonds. 
• Add 2cm3 to of solution to a test tube with 2cm3 of bromine water. 
• Shake the test tube.
• Alkene = orange to colourless
• Alkane = nothing happens

• Carboxylic acids react with carbonates to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. 
• Add 2cm3 of solution to a test tube
• Add a spatula of solid sodium carbonate .
• If the solution fizzes you can test what it is by feeding the gas produced into lime water. 
• Carboxylic acid = Solution will fizz, lime water cloudy. 
• Not carboxylic acid = nothing