Changes in amount and type of industry- the use of more efficient technologies in MEDCs may require less energy per unit of output than in LEDCs e.g. the steel industry in the USA campared with India or China.
Changes in affluence- increased increase generally increases per capita energy use as it allows the purchase of energy-using devices and activities. Conversely, it can also allow expensive, more efficient equipment to be bought.
Changes in population size- an increase in population size will produce a proportional increase in energy use even if there is no change in per capita use.
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