Italian Unification

• Napoleon defeated. 
• Congress of Vienna- old order restored - high Aust. influence

Jan - Revolt in Naples

• Inspired by Rev in Spain, caused by decrease in Pub. Spending and Censorship
• Carbonari major force 
• Gov. troops joined in
• July - Ferdinand agrees to consitution
• Oct - New Parliament agrees to force needed to keep Sicily
• Troppau Protocol issued by Metternich

Naples

• Ferdinand denounces constitution and asks for Aust. help
• March - Aust. forced enter Naples

Piedmont

• Carboanri massive boom. Rev. Gov set up Alessandria by Carbonari
• Army mutiny in Turin
• Victor Emmanuel 1 abdicates in favour of Charles Felix
• C. F absent so Charles Albert regent
• C. A gives constitution which was rejected when C. F returned with Aust. troops 1821
• Pied. occupied by Aust. forces until 1831

Modena and Parma

• Rising in Modena 
• Parma underwent Rev due to Modena - joint army command over both 
• Old ruler returned with Aust. troops

Papal States

• Prov. Gov. formed Feb
• Aust. troops quickly defeated revs

• Revs. weakened by limited communication
• Old rivalries between states
• Relied on small armies set up by Carbonari
• Mainly middle class - no W.C involvment

Pope Pius IX elected:

• Freer Press
• Civic Guard
• Council of State

Caused Piedmont and Tuscany to abolish press censorship

• Proposals made for Customs Union with Pap. States

Sicily

• Rising repression and cholera outbreak
• Jan - armed uprising
• Demanded independance
• Sept - defeated by Naples' army 

Naples

• Uprising spread to Naples
• Mass support led to King Ferdinand 3 giving consitution after Pap. States refused Aust. to cross territory
• Peasant grievences over right to land led to battle where Ferd's forces won- Rev failed

Piedmont 

• Charles Albert now in power - give Statuto - created parliamentry monarchy

Metternich resigns - signal for revs. to spread

Lombardy

• Tobacco Boycott turned into Rev. (17-22 March)
• General Radetzky withdrew to Aust. to deal with domestic problems

Piedmont

• Daniel Manin overthrows gov. Venetia votes for union with Pied. 
• Goes to war with Aust. after Prov. Gov. of Milan asked for help from Pied.  
• Lombardy invaded - troops from all over Italy came to help inc. Pope's army commander
• Pied. forces defeated in May at Custozza - Fighting ended Armistice of Salasco
• Pied withdraws from Lombardy

Pope

• Allocution made it clear he wasnt interested in unification
• Caused many movements to turn anti-clerical

Rome

• Nov. 1848-Pope fled Rome due to mass opposition and rioting. Rev. Gov set up
• March 1849 - Mazzini elected head of triumvirate that ran city
• Pope appealed to France who took over Rome June 1849

Piedmont

• March - C. A decided to re-enter war. Revenge or time to regroup? Defeated battle of Novara
• Abdicated to son, Victor Emmanuel 2

Venetian States

• August - surrendered by Aust. after shelling and cholera outbreak

Tuscany

• Aust. army defeated new dictatorship

Lack of Unity

• Lack of co-opm - dispute between Naples and Sicily
• C. A wouldnt accept volunteers from other states unless declared loyalty to him
• Divided aims between libs. and rads.
• No universal leader to support

Lack of Popular Support

• Inexperianced, weak and poor resources of local govs
• Peasants no better off under new govs - no support from peasantry

Lack of International allies

• Aust. superior in numbers, better equiped
• Pope's actions turned surounding Catholic countries against Revs.

Hope for Piedmont

• Refugees came from all over Italy to Liberal Piedmont - place to be as rich culture

Cavour made Prime Minister 1852

• Under Cavour, trade value of Pied up by 300%
• Railways envy of Italy

• Piedmont sent troops to support British and French in Crimea
• Used to get Pied recognised by Great Powers
• Hoped to gain seat in peace conference after

Paris Peace Conference

• Cavour attended by took little part 
• Made aquaintance with Louis Nap 3
• Invited to Plombieres

Orsini Affair

• Jan - attempted assasination against Nap 3
• Letter from Count Orsini (ringleader) read out in court urging Nap to help Italy
• Contents may been written be by Nap, deffs published by Nap
• Gave him excuse for intervention in Italy
• Agreed to support Piedmont only if Aust. seen as aggressor

Preperations for War

• Cav phsyc. prepared Pied. with anti-Aust speeches - widespread nationalism
• March - mobilised Pied army
• C. A hoping Aust would declare war as Nap getting cold feet

Declarations of War

• April - Aust. said Pied needed to stand down. Had own army mob. but couldnt afford to keep it so
• 29 April - Aust decalres war when Cav refuses to comply
• Nap supports Vic Emman

Battles 

• French arrived in Lombardy by train - poorly equipped as bandages/ammo hadnt arrived yet
• Magenta June - Aust. defeated by Pied and F troops
• Another defeat for Aust. at Solerino
• Lots of wounded, put Nap off war

Villafranca

• War only 7 weeks long 
• August -Nap signs treaty with Franz Joseph (Aust.) as feared Prussia would invade F. in army's absense. Did not like war. Unhappiness in France - Nap didnt trust Cavour (Aust.)
• Pied recieves Lombardy - first given to France then to Vic. E to save humiliation for Aust
• Previous leaders of Modena, Parma and Tuscany restored after peaceful revs
• Aust still kept Venetia

Resignation of Cavour

• Annoyed Aust. still controlled Venetia, and arrangements for Tusc, Parm, Mod
• July - Resigned when King wouldnt continue war 

Expanded Piedmont

• Tuscany, August - rigged assembly voted for annexation by Pied
• Modena and Parma also - not put into effect as Villafranca. Pro-Pied gov ruled instead

Piedmont

• Cav. returned as PM
• March - Tuscany and Emilia (new state of Mod and Par) voted union with Pied
• March - Nice and Savoy given to F. after rigged vote by residents to keep F. happy
• Garibaldi as memeber of P. parliament preparing expedition to reclaim when heard of Sicily

Sicily

• May - Garibaldi and Thousand land on Sicily hearing of insurrection, didnt have support of Cav - refused to give equipment
• Defeated 25,000 Neo. army with 3,000 men
• Introduced Pied. law systemv to prepare for annexation by Pied. Not annex yet as wanted forward base for Nap. campaign
• Aug. - Garibaldi lands on Naples, dodging ships sent by Cav. to stop him. Ferdinand 2 fled. Not able to march on Rome as Neo. stonghold in way. Gave C. time to act
• Sept. - Pied troops invade Papal states to stop leadership of Italy going to G
• Oct. - Garibaldi handed over S. Italy  to Vic. E at Teano 

1861 - Cavour dies

Garibaldi and Rome

• G. collected 3,000 volunteers to take Rome
• Had support of Vic. E, not Pied gov. 
• New Pied PM planned similar coup in 1860 but F. wouldnt agree
• G. failed and army scattered

Venetia

• Italy signed treaty with Prussia - if Pru. went to war with Aust, so would Italy
• June - Nap signed treaty with Pru. -  As France neutral in war it would gain Venetia
• Nap also signed treaty with Aust saying if A. won, Venetia would be given to F. then Italy
• June - Piedmont defeated early in war at Custoza
• August - Peace of Prague Aust handed over Venetia to F., Nap then gave it to Italy

Garibaldi and Rome Second Attempt

• Sept 1864 - Italian gov. agrees to protect Rome and move capital from Turin (Pied) to Florence (Tuscany) - shows rulers didnt want Rome as capital
• Dec 1866 last of French troops leave Rome
• G escapes house arrest to command men
• Hoped would be helped by those in anti-clerical revolts - didnt happen
• French sent troops with new rifles - easily defeats G.
• French back in Rome 

Franco-Prussian war. French troops taken out of Rome. 

1 Sept - Italian gov waited after Nap imprisoned

Vic. E wanted to rescue Nap but Italian gov wouldnt let him

8 Sept - V. E offered Pope to give up temp. power and Rome as capital, but remain of Cath. faith and protect. by Italy

11 Sept - Pope declines. 6000 Italian troops sent into Rome. Papal soldiers fight back

20 Sept - V. E enters Rome. Becomes Capital of Italy after citizens vote heavily in favour. Kingdom of Italy complete