Grammar Grammar Grammar

Cases Of Nouns

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Nom a us rex

Acc am um regem

Gen ae i regis

Dat ae o regi

Abl as o rege

Nom ae i reges

Acc as os reges

Gen arum orum regum

Dat is is regibus

Abl is is regibus

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Adverbs

O I

S You

T He

MUS We

TIS You

NT They

eg. amo, amas, amat, amamus, amatis, amant

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Adjectives

1) Adjectives agree with their noun ie. they are the same gender, number and case.

2) The ending of a noun and adjective won't always be the same, even though they agree.

eg. ducem bonum

multae legiones.

they will have different endings if they are diffferent declensions.

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Perfect Tense

-I I loved

-ISTI You Loved

-IT He Loved

-IMUS We loved

-ISTIS You (pl) Loved

-ERUNT They Loved

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Imperfect Tense

Bam I was

Bas You were

Bat he was

Bamus We were

Batis You were

Bant They were

NB. the Imperfect expresses an ongoing action in the past, whereas the Perfect Indicative expresses a single action in the past.

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Pluperfect Tense

ERAM I had

ERAS You Had

ERAT He had

ERAMUS We Had

ERATIS You had

ERANT They had

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Infinitives

=To do something

Amare- To Love

Monere- To warn

Regere- To rule

Audire- To hear

This is the present active infinitive.

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Present Participle

It is formed from a verb but works like an adjective, this means it needs to agree with whatever noun or pronoun it is qualifying.

It is a third declension word, so its endings are similar to see.

eg. servae in silvia amulantem viderunt.

=they saw the slave walking in the wood.

the present participle ammbulantem (NB, NT) is in the Accusative Singular and so therefore must agree with a noun in the Accusative Singular.

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Perfect Active Participle

All perfect participles are passive except those of deponent vers which are active.

deponent= passive in form but active in meaning.

monitus- having been warned (PPP)

secutus-having followed (PAP)

examples: adeptus- having obtained

egressus- having gone out

ingressus- having gone in

regressu- having returned.

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cum= when

As we know cum+abl= with. but it also means "when". You can work out which meaning it is by looking at what follows.

cum+abl= with

cum+ subjuntive= when

the "subjuntice" is a part of the Latin verb that indicates we are in particular kind of clause. it is translated normally.

cum+ pluperfect subjunctice+ when I had.

eg. cum dixisset- when he had said

cum fugissent- when they had fled.

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Pluperfect Subjuntive

Imperfect subjunctive

Amav issem = had loved

Monu isses

Rex isset

Audiv issemus

Cep issetis

Fu issent

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Imperfect Subjunctive

Imperfect Infinitive

amare m = I was Loving

monere s

regere t

audire mus

capare tis

esse nt

eg. cum audirent- when they were listening

cum Romae essemus- when we were in Rome.

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Indirect Questions

1) verb of knowing, asking, wondering.

rogo- I ask

Cognosco- I find out

2) Question word

ubi- where, quo- to where, unde- from where, quando- when, cur- why

quis- who, quid- qhat, quo modo- how, quot- how many, quotiens- how often

3)Imperfect (faceret), Pluperfect (discessissent) Subjuntive.

me rogavit num reginam emquam vidissem- he asked me whether i had seen the queen.

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Purpose Clauses

Ut+ imperfect Sunjunctive

= in order to

so that

to.

ut vidiremus= so that we could see

ne audirent= so that they wouldnt hear

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Gerundives

ND= what were looking for!

English Gerundives: Agenda= things that must be done

translate a gerundive must.

mihi currendum est= i must run.

servis festinandum est= the slaves must hurry.

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Indirect Command

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